Introduction to psychology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of Boxes = xi
• Preface = xiii
• Part I INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
• 1 Psychology: Applications = 2
• Outline = 2
• Learning Objectives = 3
• Psychology: A Subject for and about People = 4
• Psychology: What Is It? = 4
• Who Are Psychologists? = 4
• What Do Psychologists Do? = 4
• Guided Review = 7
• The Psychological Approach to Behavior = 7
• Observing Behavior = 7
• Research Strategies = 10
• Guided Review = 15
• Perspectives in Psychology = 15
• Historical Schools of Thought = 16
• Behaviorism = 18
• Cognitive Psychology = 18
• Psychoanalysis = 19
• Humanistic Psychology = 20
• Comparing the Perspectives = 20
• Guided Review = 20
• Applying Psychology = 21
• Applied Research, Basic Research, and Applications of Psychological Knowledge = 21
• Guided Review = 22
• Summary = 23
• Action Glossary = 24
• Self-Test = 26
• Suggested Readings = 28
• Part II BASICS OF BEHAVIOR
• 2 Biological Bases of Behavior = 30
• Outline = 30
• Learning Objectives = 31
• The Neuron: Building Block of the Nervous System = 33
• The Neuron's Structure = 33
• Moving Information down the Axon = 35
• Moving Information from One Neuron to Another = 38
• To Spike or Not to Spike = 40
• Guided Review = 40
• The Central Nervous System = 40
• Studying the Central Nervous System = 42
• The Brain's Structure = 44
• The Limbic System = 47
• The Spinal Cord = 48
• Guided Review = 49
• The Peripheral Nervous System = 49
• Sensory and Motor Neurons = 50
• The Autonomic Nervous System = 50
• Guided Review = 53
• The Endocrine System = 53
• Hormones and Glands = 53
• Hormones and Behavior = 54
• Guided Review = 55
• When Things Go Wrong: Malfunctions in the Nervous System = 55
• Guided Review = 56
• Two Brains in One = 57
• The Split Brain = 57
• What about the Lefties? = 61
• Mind, Consciousness, and the Brain = 62
• Guided Review = 62
• Summary = 63
• Action Glossary = 65
• Self-Test = 67
• Suggested Readings = 69
• 3 The Psychology of Consciousness = 70
• Outline = 70
• Learning Objectives = 71
• The Study of Normal Consciousness = 72
• What Is Consciousness? = 72
• The History of Consciousness in Psychology = 73
• Electrical Signs of Consciousness = 73
• Guided Review = 75
• Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreams = 75
• Biological Rhythms = 75
• The Stages of Sleep = 77
• Dreaming = 79
• The Functions of Sleep and Dreaming = 81
• Guided Review = 82
• Hypnosis = 82
• What Is Hypnosis? = 84
• Who Can Be Hypnotized? = 84
• Hypnosis and Law Enforcement = 85
• Guided Review = 86
• Chemical Alterations in Consciousness = 86
• How Do Drugs Work? = 87
• Close-up of the General Depressants = 91
• Guided Review = 93
• Summary = 93
• Action Glossary = 95
• Self-Test = 96
• Suggested Readings = 98
• 4 Sensation and Perception = 100
• Outline = 100
• Learning Objectives = 101
• Vision = 102
• Common Features of the Visual System and Other Sensory Systems = 102
• The Sensitivity of Sensory Systems = 102
• The Visual Stimulus―Light = 103
• The Structure of the Eye = 104
• Transduction in the Receptors = 107
• Organizing Visual Information = 108
• Seeing Patterns = 109
• Seeing in Color = 110
• Seeing Depth and Distance = 111
• Visual Problems = 112
• Guided Review = 113
• Audition = 114
• Sound = 114
• The Ear = 114
• The Coding of Sound = 115
• Hearing Problems = 116
• Guided Review = 119
• Touch, Smell, and Taste = 119
• The Skin Senses = 119
• The Special Sense of Pain = 120
• Treatments for Pain = 121
• Smell and Taste: The Chemical Senses = 123
• Guided Review = 127
• Perception = 127
• General Principles of Perception = 127
• Individual Factors in Perception = 130
• Perception and Attention = 132
• Guided Review = 134
• Extrasensory Perception = 134
• What Is ESP? = 134
• Does ESP Exist? = 134
• Skepticism = 135
• Guided Review = 136
• Summary = 136
• Action Glossary = 138
• Self-Test = 141
• Suggested Readings = 143
• 5 Learning = 144
• Outline = 144
• Learning Objectives = 145
• What Is Learning? = 146
• Learning, Maturation, and Genetic Influences = 146
• Guided Review = 147
• Classical Conditioning = 147
• Pavlov's Dogs = 148
• Properties of Classical Conditioning = 148
• Classical Conditioning and Learning Relations = 152
• Guided Review = 154
• Operant Conditioning = 154
• Learning by Consequences = 154
• Thorndike's Cats and Skinner's Rats = 155
• Characteristics of Operant Conditioning = 156
• Reinforcement = 159
• Biofeedback = 163
• Guided Review = 164
• Learning and Cognition = 164
• Insight Learning = 165
• Cognitive Maps = 166
• Observational Learning = 166
• Guided Review = 169
• The Limits of Leaming = 169
• Flavor Aversions = 170
• Biological Predispositions and Learning = 170
• Guided Review = 171
• Summary = 172
• Action Glossary = 173
• Self-Test = 175
• Suggested Readings = 177
• 6 Remembering and Forgetting = 178
• Outline = 178
• Learning Objectives = 179
• The Three Storage Systems = 180
• Sensory Store = 181
• Short-Term Memory = 182
• Long-Term Memory = 185
• Guided Review = 188
• Retrieving Information = 189
• Search Strategies = 189
• Memory Reconstruction = 191
• Recognition Memory = 192
• Guided Review = 195
• Biological Basis of Learning and Memory = 195
• Changes in the Brain during Learning = 196
• Making a Memory = 197
• Modifying Memory = 198
• Guided Review = 200
• Improving Your Memory = 200
• Improving the Storage Process = 200
• lmproving Retrieval = 203
• Guided Review = 205
• Summary = 205
• Action Glossary = 207
• Self-Test = 208
• Suggested Readings = 210
• 7 Communicating and Thinking = 212
• Outline = 212
• Learning Objectives = 213
• Language = 214
• The Nature of Language = 214
• The Acquisition of Language = 217
• Aninial Communication = 221
• Guided Review = 225
• Thinking = 225
• Language and Thought = 226
• The Structure of Thought = 227
• Guided Review = 229
• Problem Solving = 229
• Steps of Problem Solving = 230
• Crcalive Problem Solving = 235
• Guided Review = 236
• Intelligence = 237
• Measuring Intelligence = 237
• Practical issues Involved in Testing = 240
• Ethical and Legal Issues Surrounding IQ Testing = 241
• The Nature of Intelligence = 244
• Factors Influencing Intelligence = 245
• Guided Review = 247
• Summary = 249
• Action Glossary = 250
• Self-Test = 253
• Suggested Readings = 255
• 8 Motivation and Emotion = 256
• Outline = 256
• Learning Objectives = 257
• Motivation―A Description = 258
• Theories of Motivation = 258
• Classification of Motives = 262
• Motivation and the Brain = 263
• Guided Review = 264
• Human Motives: Four Examples = 264
• Hunger = 264
• Sex = 269
• Sensation Seeking = 271
• The Need for Achievement = 274
• Guided Review = 275
• Emotions = 276
• Describing Emotions = 276
• Expressing Emotions = 278
• Measuring Emotions = 279
• Theories of Emotion = 282
• Guided Review = 286
• Summary = 286
• Action Glossary = 288
• Self-Test = 289
• Suggested Readings = 291
• Part III DEVELOPMENT
• 9 Life Span Development: Infancy and Childhood = 294
• Outline = 294
• Learning Objectives = 295
• The Study of Human Development = 296
• Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies = 296
• Perspectives in Human Development = 296
• Guided Review = 298
• The Forces That Shape Development = 298
• Genetic Forces = 298
• Environmental Forces = 302
• The Interaction between Genes and Environment in Development = 303
• Guided Review = 304
• Birth and Infancy = 304
• The Abilities of the Newborn = 307
• Attachment = 309
• Guided Review = 313
• Childhood = 313
• Cognitive Development = 313
• Social and Emotional Development = 316
• Moral Development = 319
• The Gifted Child = 321
• Guided Review = 322
• Summary = 323
• Action Glossary = 324
• Self-Test = 326
• Suggested Readings = 328
• 10 Life Span Development: Adolescence and Adulthood = 330
• Outline = 330
• Learning Objectives = 331
• Adolescence = 332
• Biological Changes = 332
• Sexual Development = 333
• Seeking an Identity = 336
• Social Development = 337
• Guided Review = 338
• Early and Middle Adulthood = 339
• The Early Adult Years = 340
• The Middle Adult Years = 346
• Cognitive Development in Adulthood = 349
• Guided Review = 349
• Later Adulthood = 350
• The Aging Process = 350
• Life Adjustments in Later Adulthood = 351
• Creativity and Productivity = 353
• Death and Dying = 354
• Guided Review = 356
• Summary = 356
• Action Glossary = 358
• Self-Test = 359
• Suggested Readings = 361
• Part IV PERSONALITY AND ADJUSTMENT
• 11 Personality and Assessment = 364
• Outline = 364
• Learning Objectives = 365
• Personality: What Is It and How Is It Expressed? = 366
• Guided Review = 367
• The Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality = 367
• Psychic Determinism and the Unconscious = 367
• Psychic Apparatus = 368
• The Psychosexual Stages = 369
• The Defense Mechanisms = 370
• Psychoanalytic Theory: An Overview = 371
• Guided Review = 371
• Neo-Freudian Theories of Personality = 372
• Defectors from the Inner Circle: Jung, Adler, and Rank = 372
• The Impact of Culture on Personality: Horney, Fromm, and Erikson = 372
• The Ego and the Personality: Hartman, Spitz, and Mahler = 374
• The Nco-Freudians: An Overview = 374
• Guided Review = 374
• Social Learning Theory of Personality = 375
• Classical Conditioning and Personality = 375
• Operant Conditioning and Personality = 375
• Observational Learning and Personality = 376
• Guided Review = 378
• Similarities and Differences in the Psychoanalytic Theories and the Social Learning Theories = 378
• Existential／Humanistic Theories of Personality = 379
• Rogers's Client-Centered Theory―A Humanistic Theory = 379
• Maslow's Humanistic Concept of Self-Actualization = 379
• Existential Theory = 381
• Guided Review = 381
• The Assessment of Personality = 381
• Unstructured and Semistructurcd Observation = 382
• Structured Observation = 382
• Projcctivc Tests of Personality = 383
• Objective Tests of Personality = 385
• Guided Review = 387
• Summary = 387
• Action Glossary = 388
• Self-Test = 390
• Suggested Readings = 391
• 12 Adjustment and Abnormality = 392
• Outline = 392
• Learning Objectives = 393
• Conflict: Resolution and Adjustment = 394
• Approach-Approach Conflict = 394
• Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict = 394
• Approach-Avoidance Conflict = 395
• Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict = 396
• Guided Review = 397
• Responses to Conflict and Frustration = 397
• Withdrawal and Aggression: Unsuccessful Responses = 397
• Defense Mechanisms = 398
• Guided Review = 400
• Behavioral and Bodily Consequences of Conflict and Frustration = 400
• Behavioral Consequences = 401
• Bodily Consequences = 403
• Stress, Coping, and Healthy Life-styles = 405
• Guided Review = 406
• Abnormal Behavior throughout History = 406
• Natural and Supernatural Forces = 406
• Pinel's Reforms = 406
• The Disease Model of Mental Illness = 407
• The Psychoanalytic Revolution = 407
• Guided Review = 408
• The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders = 408
• Guided Review = 409
• Categories of Abnormal Behavior = 409
• Organic Mental Disorders = 409
• Psychoaciive Substance Use Disorders = 410
• Schizophrenia = 412
• Mood Disorders = 414
• Anxiely Disorders = 415
• Somatoform Disorders = 416
• Sexual Disorders = 417
• Pcrsonality Disorders = 418
• Guided Review = 418
• Summary = 418
• Action Glossary = 420
• Self-Test = 422
• Suggested Readings = 424
• 13 Treatments = 426
• Outline = 426
• Learning Objectives = 427
• Treating Abnormal Behavior = 428
• Psychoanalytic Treatment = 428
• The Basic Psychoanalytic Techniques = 428
• Guided Review = 430
• Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy = 430
• Guided Review = 430
• Behavior Therapy = 431
• Historical Roots = 431
• Systematic Descnsitization: Behavior Therapy for Anxiety = 431
• Positive Reinforcement and Extinction: Behavior Therapy for Psychotic, Phobic, and Excessive Behaviors = 432
• Gioded Participation. Modeling, and Exposure: Behavior Therapy for Social Withdrawal and Phobic Behavior = 434
• Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Behavior Therapy for Depression. Anxiety, and Phobic Behavior = 434
• Guided Review = 436
• Rogers's Client-Centered Therapy = 436
• Guided Review = 437
• Group Treatment = 437
• Group Therapy = 437
• Family Therapy = 438
• Encounter Groups = 438
• Guided Review = 439
• The Somatic Therapies = 439
• Psychosurgery = 440
• Elcciroconvulsive Therapy = 440
• Drug Therapy = 440
• Guided Review = 441
• What Treatment for Which Disorder? = 442
• Guided Review = 443
• Prevention and Community Psychology = 443
• Primary Prevention = 443
• Secondary Prevention = 444
• Tertiary Prevention = 444
• Guided Review = 444
• Summary = 444
• Action Glossary = 446
• Self-Test = 448
• Suggested Readings = 449
• Part V SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS
• 14 Social Behavior = 452
• Outline = 452
• Learning Objectives = 453
• Social Comparison = 454
• Festinger's Social Comparison Theory = 454
• Some Applications of the Theory = 455
• Guided Review = 455
• Social Perception and Attribution = 455
• Implicit Theory of Personality = 455
• First Impressions = 455
• Attribution Processes = 456
• Guided Review = 457
• Interpersonal Attraction = 457
• Similarity and Attraction = 458
• Romantic Love = 459
• Guided Review = 460
• Social Influence = 461
• Altitudes and Persuasion = 461
• Prejudice = 463
• Guided Review = 467
• Prosociat and Antisocial Behavior = 467
• Helping Behavior = 467
• Aggrcssion = 470
• Obedience to Authority = 475
• Guided Review = 477
• Summary = 477
• Action Glossary = 479
• Self-Test = 480
• Suggested Readings = 483
• 15 Group Processes = 484
• Outline = 484
• Learning Objectives = 485
• Types and Characteristics of Groups = 486
• Types of Groups = 486
• How Does Group Behavior Differ from Individual Behavior? = 488
• Guided Review = 491
• Why Are Groups Attractve to Individuals? = 492
• Emotion and Affiliation = 492
• A Reinforcement／Exchange Theory of Affiliation = 492
• Group Cohesiveness = 493
• Leadership = 494
• Guided Review = 497
• How People Behave in Groups = 497
• The Development of Group Norms = 498
• Conformity = 499
• Task Performance = 501
• Collective Behavior = 502
• Guided Review = 505
• Summary = 505
• Action Glossary = 507
• Self-Test = 508
• Suggested Readings = 509
• 16 Applied Psychology = 510
• Outline = 510
• Learning Objectives = 511
• Work and the Individual = 512
• Some Meanings of Work and Leisure = 512
• The Motivation to Work = 512
• Effects of Unemployment = 515
• Guided Review = 516
• The Nature of Organizations = 517
• Bureaucracy: Formal Structure = 517
• lnformal Social Structure = 518
• Communication in Organizations = 519
• Guided Review = 521
• Human Factors = 521
• Personnel Selection = 521
• Human Factors = 521
• Guided Review = 527
• Environmental Psychology = 528
• Personal Space = 528
• Human Tcrriioriality = 531
• Environmental Stressors = 533
• Environmental Planning and Design = 536
• Guided Review = 536
• Summary = 538
• Action Glossary = 540
• Self-Test = 541
• Suggested Readings = 543
• Statistical Methods = 545
• References = 555
• Name Index = 571
• Subject Index = 579