모바일 머니(Mobile Money)가 금융 포용성(Financial Inclusion)에 미치는 영향 분석: 케냐, 나이로비 금융소외계층을 대상으로 = The Effects of Mobile Money on Financial Inclusion in Nairobi, Kenya

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper analyses the impact of mobile money on improving levels of financial inclusion among financially excluded people in Nairobi, Kenya. The paper draws upon original survey work conducted by the author to examine the characteristics of those who did not have a bank account, and to assess the extent to which levels of financial inclusion in Nairobi improved following the growth of mobile money services.
The paper demonstrates that age, education level and income level had statistically significant associations with possession of a formal bank account, which reflects not only high transaction costs of formal finance, but also the perception that only rich people use formal financial services. The paper then explores changes in the proportion of people who experienced financial exclusion before and after using mobile money. Based on these findings, the paper argues that mobile money has significantly decreased the proportion of people who use informal channels or do not use any financial channel (all p<.001). Mobile money has thus increased financial inclusion, primarily by meeting the needs of financially excluded people for a safe mechanism through which to store money safely.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구의 목적은 나이로비에서 공식 금융서비스로부터 소외된 사람들의 특징과 모바일 머니가 이들의 금융 포용성 증가에 어떻게 영향을 미칠 수 있었는지에 관하여 알아보는 데 있다. 현지 조사 결과를 바탕으로 분석한 결과, 은행 계좌 보유는 응답자들의 나이와 학력 수준, 특히 소득 수준과 유의한 관계를 보여주었는데, 이는 금융기관을 이용하지 않은 주원인으로 높은 거래 비용 및 소득이 높은 사람만이 은행과 같은 금융기관을 이용할 수 있다는 선입견을 가장 높게 응답한 것과 연관되었다. 모바일 머니 사용 전후 응답자들이 금융거래 시 주로 이용한 금융 채널/기관의 변화를 통해 금융 포용성을 측정한 결과, 모바일 머니 사용 전 비공식 채널을 이용하거나 아무런 채널을 이용하지 않은 금융 소외 계층 비율은 모바일 머니 사용 후 유의하게 감소했고(p<.001), 이와 관련하여 모바일 머니는 쉽게 접근 및 이용 가능한 안전한 예금 장소를 제공함으로써 이들의 금융 사용에 관한 니즈를 충족시키며 금융 포용성 증가에 영향을 미친 것을 알 수 있었다.

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