왜 이웃의 외국인은 범죄두려움을 불러일으킬까?: 외국인근접성 인식이 범죄위험 인식에 미치는 영향 = Why do foreigners in the neighborhood make people fear crime?: The impact of perceived proximity to foreigners upon perceived risk of crime

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Given the ongoing growth in the population of foreigners in Korea during the last decades, it is quite surprising that few research has been conducted on the influence of foreigners’ influx upon Koreans’ perception of safety. Fortunately, a recent study conducted by Roh(2013) analyzed the impact of increased foreigners on fear of crime focusing on group threat theory. Despite the significant contribution to the academic realm that had been somewhat neglected, his study, mainly due to the limitations in the analysis model, could not sufficiently account for the causal linkage between the population of foreigners in the neighborhood and fear crime. Using the data from Roh’s study(2013), we examined the mediating effect of community factors and perceived group threat upon the association between perceived adjacency from foreigners and perceived risk of crime. In addition, the moderating effect of perceived social distance upon the causal linkage was investigated. The results from structural equation modeling analysis showed that there was no direct impact of perceived adjacency from forefingers upon perceived risk of crime. Instead, perceived community disorder was found to serve as a complete mediator. Respondents who recognized more foreigners in their neighborhoods were more likely to perceive a higher level of disorder, which increased perceived risk of crime. In contrast, collective efficacy decreased perceived risk of crime at a significant level without being influenced by foreigners’ population in the neighborhood. Perceived group threat was positively associated by the perceived size of foreigners but was not related to perceived risk of crime. Finally, no moderating effect was found by perceived social distance upon the relationship between adjacency from foreigners and perceived risk of crime.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

지난 몇 십년간 한국 사회에서 진행되어 온 외국인 증가 추세에 비추어 볼 때 아직까지 외국인의 증가가 내국인들의 사회안전의식에 미치는 효과를 다룬 연구가 거의 없었다는 점은 매우 놀랍다. 다행히 최근 노성훈(2013)의 연구에서 집단위협이론의 관점에서 외국인의 증가가 범죄에 대한 두려움에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 하지만 그동안 소홀하게 다루어졌던 연구영역에 기여한 학술적 가치가 적지 않음에도 불구하고 분석모형에 있어서의 한계로 인해 외국인의 지역사회 유입이 내국인들의 범죄에 대한 두려움을 유발하는 인과관계를 충분히 설명하지 못한 문제점이 있었다. 본 연구에서는 노성훈(2013)의 연구에서 사용한 자료를 사용하여 외국인의 근접성이 범죄에 대한 위험인식에 미치는 효과에 대한 지역사회 변수와 집단 위협감의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 아울러 사회적 거리감이 이러한 인과관계에 미치는 조절효과도 검증하였다. 구조방정식모형을 활용하여 분석을 실시한 결과 지역사회의 외국인 구성 비율에 대한 인식이 범죄피해 위험인식에 직접적인 영향을 미치지는 않는 것으로 나타났다. 대신에 지역사회 무질서의 완전매개효과가 확인되었다. 즉 근린에 거주하는 외국인의 비율이 증가할수록 시민이 인식하는 지역사회 무질서 수준이 증가하였고 이러한 인식은 범죄피해 가능성을 높게 평가하는 유의미한 요인으로 나타났다. 반면에 집합적 효능성의 증가는 범죄위험인식을 유의미한 수준에서 낮추지만 외국인의 근접성에 의해 영향을 받지는 않는 것으로 나타났다. 집단 위협감은 근린에 거주하는 외국인 비율이 높을수록 증가하는 것으로 나타났지만 집단 위협감의 차이가 범죄위험인식의 차이를 유의미한 수준에서 설명하지는 못했다. 마지막으로 외국인 근접성이 범죄위험인식에 미치는 영향에 있어서의 사회적 거리감의 조절효과는 발견되지 않았다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 허 준, "허준의 쉽게 따라하는 AMOS 구조방정식 모형, 고급편" 한나래아카데미 2013

2 이성식, "지역무질서, 집합효율성, 범죄두려움의 관계: 세 모델의 검증" 한국피해자학회 20 (20): 487-509, 2012

3 박윤환, "지역 수준 범죄피해 두려움의 결정요인에 대한 연구 : 공식범죄통계, 무질서, 집합적 효율성, 경찰에 대한 신뢰도를 중심으로" 한국경찰학회 15 (15): 59-88, 2013

4 박순애, "정부에 대한 이해와 정부 신뢰의 관계: 우리나라 대학생을 중심으로" 한국행정학회 40 (40): 73-97, 2006

5 우종필, "우종필 교수의 구조방정식모델 개념과 이해" 한나래아카데미 2012

6 노성훈, "외국인의 증가와 범죄에 대한 두려움 : 집단위협이론을 중심으로" 한국형사정책연구원 24 (24): 151-184, 2013

7 송태민, "보건복지 연구를 위한 구조방정식 모형, AMOS 초급에서 고급까지" 한나래아카데미 2012

8 박철현, "범죄피해경험, 이웃통합 그리고 범죄의 두려움:대학생에 대한 심층면접결과를 중심으로" 한국피해자학회 13 (13): 51-77, 2005

9 노성호, "범죄의 두려움에 대한 경험적 연구" 6 (6): 169-205, 1998

10 조은경, "범죄에 대한 두려움에 있어서 남성과 여성의 차이" 한국문화및사회문제심리학회 9 (9): 1-21, 2003

11 황의갑, "도시지역과 읍면지역 간 범죄에 대한 두려움의 수준과 영향요인의 차이" 한국형사정책학회 21 (21): 295-323, 2009

12 김용겸, "구조방정식모형의 효율적 활용을 위한 점검표의 개발" 한국기업경영학회 14 (14): 19-34, 2007

13 김주환, "구조방정식 모형으로 논문쓰기" 커뮤니케이션북스 2009

14 이학식, "구조방정식 모형분석과 AMOS 18. 0 19. 0" 집현재 2011

15 문수백, "구조방정식 모델링의 이해와 적용" 학지사 2009

16 Habyarimana, J., "Why does ethnic diversity undermine public goods provision?" 101 (101): 709-725, 2007

17 Mears, D. P., "Whites’ concern about crime, the effects of interracial contact" 46 (46): 524-552, 2009

18 Fossett, M. A., "The relative size of minority populations and white racial attitudes" 70 (70): 820-835, 1989

19 Allport, G. W., "The nature of prejudice. Garden City" Doubleday 1954

20 Baron, R. M., "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research, conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations" 51 (51): 1173-1182, 1986

21 Loury, G., "The anatomy of racial inequality" Harvard University Press 2002

22 Schuman, H., "Survey-based experiments on white racial attitudes toward residential integration" 94 (94): 273-299, 1988

23 Kohm, S. A., "Spatial dimensions of fear in a hihg-crime community, fear of crime or fear of disorder" 51 (51): 1-30, 2009

24 Pettigrew, T. F., "Segregation in residential areas" National Academy of Science Press 43-58, 1973

25 Sampson, R. J., "Seeing disorder, neighborhood stigma and the social construction of"Broken Windows"" 67 (67): 319-342, 2004

26 Goffman, E., "Relations in public" Basic Books 1971

27 Pickett, J. T., "Reconsidering the relationship between perceived neighborhood racial composition and whites’ perceptions of victization risk, do racial stereotypes matter?" 50 (50): 145-186, 2012

28 Chiricos, T., "Racial composition of neighborhood and fear of crime" 35 (35): 107-132, 1997

29 Brown, R., "Prejudice, Its social psychology" Blackwell 1995

30 Quillian, L., "Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat, population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe" 60 (60): 586-611, 1995

31 Drakulich, K. M., "Perceptions of the local danger posed by crime, race, disorder, informal control, and the police" 42 (42): 611-632, 2013

32 LaGrange, R. L., "Perceived risk and fear of crime, role of social and physical incivilities" 29 (29): 311-334, 1992

33 Chiricos, T., "Perceived racial and ethnic composition of neighborhood and perceived risk of crime" 48 (48): 322-340, 2001

34 Sampson, R. J., "Neighborhoods and violent crime, a multilevel study of collective efficacy" 277 (277): 918-924, 1997

35 Morenoff, J. D., "Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence" 39 (39): 517-558, 2001

36 Semyonov, M., "Neighborhood ethnic composition and resident perceptions of safety in European countries" 59 (59): 117-135, 2012

37 Desmet, K., "Linguistic diversity and redistribution" 7 (7): 1291-1318, 2009

38 Singelman, L., "Innumeracy about minority populations, African Americans and whites compared" 65 (65): 86-94, 2001

39 Scheepers, P., "Hunkering down as disruption of community cohesion, municipal-, neighborhood-and individual-level effects" 72 : 91-106, 2013

40 Blumer, H., "Housing desegregation and federal policy" University of North Carolina Press 152-169, 1958

41 Moeller, G. L., "Fear of criminal victimization, the effect of neighborhood racial composition" 59 (59): 208-221, 1989

42 Liska, A. E., "Fear of crime as a social fact" 60 (60): 760-770, 1982

43 Schafer, J. A., "Fear of crime and criminal victimization, Gender-based contrasts" 34 (34): 285-301, 2006

44 Lewis, D. A., "Fear in the Neighborhoods, An investigation of the impact of crime" 17 (17): 160-189, 1980

45 Scheepers, P., "Ethnic exclusionisms in European countries, public opposition to civil rights for legal migrants as a response to perceived threat" 18 (18): 17-34, 2002

46 Lance, B., "Ethnic diversity in neighborhoods and individual trust of immigrants and natives, a replication of Putnam(2007) in a west-European country" 2008

47 Gesthuizen, M., "Ethnic diversity and social capital in Europe, Tests of Putnam’s thesis in European countries" 32 (32): 121-142, 2009

48 Quillian, L., "Estimating risk, stereotype amplification and the perceived risk of criminal victimization" 73 (73): 79-104, 2010

49 Roh, S., "Effects of community policing upon fear of crime, Understanding the causal linkage" 28 (28): 670-683, 2005

50 Putnam, R. D., "E Pluribus Unum, Diversity and community in the twenty-first century" 30 (30): 137-174, 2007

51 Brunton-Smith, I., "Do neighborhoods generate fear of crime? an empirical test using the British crime survey" 49 (49): 331-369, 2011

52 Sampson, R. J., "Disparity and diversity in the contemporary city, social(dis)order revisited" 60 (60): 1-31, 2009

53 Skogan, W. G., "Disorder and decline, crime and the spiral of decay in American neighborhoods" University of California Press 1990

54 Becares, L., "Composition, concentration, and deprivation, exploring their association with social cohesion among different ethnic groups in the UK" 48 (48): 2771-2787, 2011

55 Roh, S., "Community policing and fear of crime in Seoul, A test of competing models" 36 (36): 199-222, 2013

56 Bobo, L., "Chapel Hill" University of North Carolina Press 1986

57 Bobo, L., "Attitudes on residential integration, perceived status differences, mere in-group preference, or racial prejudice" 74 (74): 883-909, 1996

58 Franklin, T. W., "A multilevel analysis of the vulnerability, disorder, and social integration models of fear of crime" 21 (21): 204-227, 2008

59 Alba, R., "A distorted nation, perceptions of racial/ethnic group size and attitudes toward immigrants and other minorities" 84 (84): 901-919, 2005

60 Hatcher, L., "A Step-by-Step Approach to Using the SAS System for Factor Analysis anc Structural Equation Modeling" SAS Institute Inc 1994