Extended annual report on the state of the drugs problem in European Union, 1999

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• CHAPTER 1 = 9
• Developments in drug use, problems and responses = 9
• Prevalence and patterns of problem drug use = 9
• Social distribution and diffusion = 10
• Treatment responses to problem drug use = 10
• Challenges for treatment services = 11
• Primary healthcare involvement = 11
• Substitution treatment = 11
• Questions and assessment = 11
• Some possible answers? = 11
• Heroin prescription = 12
• Community responses to problem drug use = 12
• Social exclusion = 13
• Outreach work and early intervention = 14
• Public nuisance and community safety = 15
• Challenges for healthcare systems = 15
• Mortality and morbidity = 15
• Low-threshold services and harm reduction = 15
• Needle exchanges = 15
• Injecting rooms = 16
• Drug users and the criminal justice system = 16
• Alternatives to prison = 16
• Compulsory care = 17
• Policy changes regarding drug offenders = 17
• Prevention and health promotion = 17
• Policy developments = 18
• Towards a balanced approach = 18
• Harm reduction = 19
• Decriminalisation = 19
• Theory and practice = 19
• The blurred line between licit and illicit drugs = 21
• Cooperation between sectors = 21
• Developments in national coordination = 21
• Developments in European cooperation = 22
• Information, evaluation and research = 23
• Progressive harmonisation of epidemiological indicators = 23
• Improving evaluation = 23
• Research = 23
• Overall trends = 24
• CHAPTER 2 = 27
• Prevalence, patterns and consequences of drug use = 27
• Prevalence of drug use = 27
• Drug use in the general population = 27
• National population surveys = 27
• Similarities and differences = 28
• Lifetime experience with drugs = 28
• Recent drug use = 28
• Trends = 28
• Drug use among schoolchildren = 29
• Cannabis use by schoolchildren = 30
• Solvent use by schoolchildren = 30
• Other drugs used by schoolchildren = 30
• Trends among schoolchildren and Young people = 30
• Estimating problem drug use = 31
• National estimates of problem drug use = 31
• Incidence = 32
• Geographical spread of drug use = 32
• Local prevalence estimates = 34
• Indicators of health consequences = 35
• Demand for treatment = 35
• Characteristics of clients entering treatment = 35
• Trends in the treated population = 36
• Drug-related deaths and mortality of drug users = 38
• Drug-related deaths = 38
• Trends in drug-related deaths = 38
• Mortality of drug users = 38
• Drug-related infectious diseases = 39
• HIV = 40
• AIDS = 41
• Hepatitis B = 42
• Vaccination for hepatitis B = 42
• Hepatitis C = 43
• Risk behaviour = 43
• Harm reduction measures = 44
• Prisons = 45
• Treatment of HIV and hepatitis = 45
• Law-enforcement indicators = 45
• Police 'arrests' for drug offences = 45
• Prison data = 48
• Drug market indicators = 48
• Seizures, price and purity of illicit drugs = 48
• Cannabis = 49
• Heroin = 49
• Cocaine = 50
• Synthetic drugs : amphetamines, ecstasy and LSD = 50
• CHAPTER 3 = 67
• Established responses to drug misuse in the EU = 67
• European Drug Prevention Week = 67
• 'Drug prevention and drug policy' opening event of the Week = 68
• Talking is the first step = 68
• Member State overview = 69
• Drug-prevention strategies = 69
• Young people = 69
• Dialogue, creativity and arts = 70
• Pee-to-peer approaches = 70
• New technologies = 70
• Partnership and interdisciplinary approaches = 71
• Follow-up = 71
• Cannabis : trends and responses = 72
• Historical context = 72
• Legal status = 72
• Extent and patterns of use = 74
• Prevalence = 74
• Patterns of use = 75
• Cannabis market in the EU = 76
• Seizures and sources = 76
• The potency of cannabis on the European market = 76
• Treatment of cannabis-related problems = 77
• Trends and patterns of treatment demand = 77
• Treatment responses = 77
• Prevention = 78
• Medical uses of cannabis or derivatives = 79
• The EU situation = 79
• The global context = 80
• Synthetic drugs : developments and responses = 81
• Defining synthetic drugs = 81
• What is ecstasy? = 81
• The rise of ecstasy = 82
• What's in an ecstasy pill? = 83
• Prevalence of synthetic drug use = 84
• School pupils = 85
• Young adults = 85
• Recent trends : diversification, amphetamines and alcohol = 85
• Ecstasy = 85
• Amphetamines = 86
• Alcohol = 86
• Divergent patterns, divergent drugs = 86
• Demand reduction activities = 86
• Pill testing = 87
• Mass-media campaigns = 88
• Internet activities = 88
• Evaluation = 88
• Selective glossary = 89
• Selected references and sources of information = 91
• Recent EMCDDA publications = 94