月城垓子 출토 古式수막새의 제작기법과 편년연구 = A Study on the Production Techniques and Chronology of Old Style Sumaksaes Excavated at Wolseong Moat

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examines the old style sumaksaes (roof-end tiles) excavated at
Wolseong Moat in Gyeongju. I have formulated a classificatory system based on
the decorative patterns of the sumaksaes, and have explored production
techniques based on the classified patterns. Here I regard characteristics obtained
through the observed patterns as basic elements that can explain the process of
production, and consider the relationship between the Three Kingdoms based
on the classification of joint techniques.
Classification reveals that the sumaksaes excavated at Wolseong Moat can
generally be divided into the following three types: Goguryeo, Baekje, and Old
Silla. Investigation of production techniques based on the classification of
patterns show that there are distinctive characteristics in joint techniques. In
particular, it is observed that the Goguryeo and Old Silla types used the Juyeon
joint technique, while the Baekje type employed a different back joint technique.
The study also illustrates that, whereas both the Goguryeo type (with pointed
lotus leaves) and Baekje type (which has round lotus leaves with some round
projections on the tips of the lotus leaves) of sumaksae were produced and used
in the early Silla period, the gradual establishment of the Old Silla type involved
the selection and development of Baekje roof tile patterns. In other words, in the
earlier period, Silla produced both Goguryeo and Baekje type roof tiles under
the influence of the two kingdoms, while in establishing the Old Silla type, it
selectively adopted aspects of the Gogryeo type (in terms of production
technique) and Baekje type (in terms of pattern), thereby generating a new type
of Old Silla roof tile. This is a very important fact which confirms the influence
that these two types had on Silla roof tiles. The study also confirmed that the ‘Soji (素地) technique’ appears only in lotus pattern roof tiles, and is hardly
found in roof tiles using other pattern types, including the Jungpan lotus pattern.
The reason for this is found in the appearance of new roof tile patterns.
Through examining changes in pattern and production, in addition to
characteristics of production technique, of the sumakases excavated at Wolseong
Moat, it has been possible to identify how the Old Silla type of roof tile
developed from earlier forms influenced by Goguryeo and Baekje roof tiles. This
provides insight into the process by which the culture of early Silla, influenced
by Goguryeo and Baekje, developed into that of Old Silla, and finally reached its
zenith in the Unified Silla period.

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