비대칭 동맹에서 방기 우려에 대한 대책: 한미 동맹의 사례 = Appeasing the Fear of Abandonment in Asymmetric Alliances: The ROK-US Alliance Case

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Every international alliances go through difficult times for various reasons. The dilemma created by the fear of entrapment and the fear of abandonment is one of the most common problems that international alliances face. In order to maintain stable alliance, the alliance members must deal with each other’s fear. This article analyzes the policies implemented by the Unites States to appease South Korea’s fear of abandonment by the U.S.. Right after the liberation of the country, Lee Suengman and other Korean right wing politicians began to worry about the U.S. government’s willingness to defend Korea from the communist threat. The U.S. government tried to reduce the size of its military in the Korean peninsula and Lee and his followers saw the troop reduction as a sign of U.S.’s abandonment of Korea. Their fear of abandonment was exacerbated when Dean Acheson, then the U.S. Secretary of State, delivered a speech at the National Press Club on January 12, 1950. In his Press Club speech, Secretary Ahceson warned that the United States would defend its possessions and occupied territories. Then he went on to say that “This defensive perimeters runs along the Aleutians to Japan and then goes to the Ryukus. ... The defensive perimeters runs from the Ryukus to the Philippine Islands.” The message that Lee and the right wing Korean politicians received from the speech was clear. The Korean Peninsula is not included in the Untied States’ defense perimeters. South Korean political leaders were afraid that Kim Il-Sung would interpret the speech as the way they did and attempt to make a radical movement. No more than six month later, the fear became real. Since then South Korean leaders’ fear of abandonment was one of the major sources rattled the US-ROK alliance. Therefore, in order to maintain a stable alliance relations with South Korea, the Unites States government had to take measures to relieve South Korean political leaders’ fear of abandonment.
In this research, I identify three policies implemented by the United States government to stabelize the US-ROK alliance. First is the armament of South Korean military. Despite the risk of violating the Korean Armistice Agreement signed on July 1953, the U.S. government decided to strengthen South Korean Army by allowing arms transfer and arms sales to South Korean government. The weapons placed in Korea included nuclear armed Honest John missiles and 280mm atomic cannons. The Korean Armistice Agreement paragraph 13 (d) mandates that neither side introduce new weapons into Korean Peninsula, other than piece-for-piece replacement of equipment. Therefore, the deployment of nuclear weapons in South Korea was clear abrogation but the United States proceeded to protect South Korea.
The second measure implemented by the United States was joint military exercises with the ROK military. As a measure to relieve South Korean leader’s fear of abandonment and a way to strengthen South Korean army’s combat skill, the U.S. conducted various types of joint military exercises with ROK military. The first joint exercises carried out were “Focus Retina” (FR) in March 1969. This was the reaction to the attempted assault on the ROK Presidential Residents and the Pueblo. The Purpose of FR was to show the ROK that even without support from their Okinawa base, the U.S. military was capable of deploying forces for the Korean Peninsula. It was the longest airborne assault operation in the history of the U.S. military: 700 men from the 82nd Airborne division traveled 13,679 km from Fort Bragg, North Carolina and dropped into Yoju, South Korea. In 1971, a second joint military exercise called “Freedom Vault” was conducted after the announcement of the Nixon Doctrine. Both the U.S. airborne and the ROK airborne increased numbers of soldiers and expanded the operation area. In 1976, yet another exercise was conducted called “Team Spirit” (TS) and was held between 1976 and 1993. ...

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