(The) emergence of biolaw : the European experience and the evolutionary approach

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 A General Introduction = 1
• 1.1 Bioethics : Reflecting on the Society/Nature Relationship = 1
• 1.2 Biolaw = 3
• 1.2.1 Basic Material = 3
• 1.2.2 The Epistemological Status of Biolaw : Life as a Distinct Object = 3
• 1.2.3 Sources of Biolaw = 5
• 1.2.4 The Position of Biolaw in the Legal System = 9
• 1.3 Introducing an Evolutionary Approach = 10
• References = 11
• Part I. Persons
• 2 Introduction : The Concept of Biological Autonomy = 15
• 2.1 The Beginning of Persons = 16
• 2.2 The End of Persons = 17
• 2.3 Advanced Control Over the Human Organism = 18
• 2.4 Further Studying = 18
• References = 20
• 3 Pathology = 21
• 3.1 General = 21
• 3.2 The Concept of Health = 22
• 3.3 The Patient/Doctor Relationship = 23
• 3.3.1 Human Dignity = 24
• 3.3.2 Informed Consent = 24
• 3.3.3 Medical Secrecy = 28
• 3.4 Informed Consent and Medical Liability = 28
• 3.5 The “Right-Not-to-Know” = 30
• 3.6 Treatment Refusal = 31
• 3.7 Autonomy and Public Health Issues = 32
• 3.8 Specific Issues = 36
• 3.8.1 Compulsory Hospitalization of Psychiatric Patients = 36
• 3.8.2 The Case of HIV/AIDS = 38
• 3.8.3 Transplantations from Living Donors = 39
• 3.8.4 Gene Therapy : Interventions of Genetic Engineering in Humans = 41
• 3.8.5 Medical Acts in the Brain : The Objective of Neurolaw = 43
• 3.9 Further Studying = 46
• References = 51
• 4 Research = 53
• 4.1 General = 53
• 4.2 Phases of Clinical Trials = 54
• 4.3 The Law of Clinical Trials = 55
• 4.3.1 A Special Consent = 56
• 4.3.2 The Person’s Benefit and the Research Purposes = 59
• 4.3.3 The Use of Placebo = 61
• 4.4 Research on Human Gametes and Embryos = 61
• 4.5 Further Studying = 65
• References = 67
• 5 Death = 69
• 5.1 General = 69
• 5.2 A Right to Death? = 69
• 5.3 Letting Die and Killing = 71
• 5.3.1 The Minimal Quality of Life = 72
• 5.3.2 Quality of Life and Human Dignity = 74
• 5.3.3 The Genuine Character of End-of-Life Decisions = 75
• 5.3.4 The Role of Legal Representatives = 76
• 5.3.5 Advance Directives and Living Wills = 77
• 5.3.6 The Liability of the Attending Doctor : Futile Treatment = 79
• 5.3.7 The Liability of the Attending Doctor : Palliative Care = 80
• 5.3.8 Premature and Anencephalic Newborns = 81
• 5.4 Transplantations Involving Deceased Donors = 82
• 5.4.1 Confirming the Death = 83
• 5.4.2 Consenting to the Organ Removal = 84
• 5.5 Further Studying = 86
• References = 93
• 6 Data = 97
• 6.1 General = 97
• 6.2 Revealing Information : Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology = 98
• 6.3 Biolaw and the Management of Human Genetic Information = 100
• 6.3.1 Genetic Data of Persons = 100
• 6.3.2 Genetic Information of Populations = 108
• 6.4 Biobanking = 110
• 6.5 Further Studying = 113
• References = 120
• 7 Reproduction = 123
• 7.1 General = 123
• 7.2 Negative Reproduction = 124
• 7.2.1 Mandatory Sterilization = 124
• 7.2.2 Prevention = 126
• 7.2.3 Beyond Prevention : The Case of Abortion = 127
• 7.3 The Positive Dimension of the Right to Reproduce :
• Assisted Reproduction = 137
• 7.3.1 General Terms for the Methods of Assisted
• Reproduction = 137
• 7.3.2 Specific Methods = 138
• 7.3.3 The Embryo Selection = 141
• 7.3.4 The Case of Reproductive Cloning = 147
• 7.4 Further Studying = 148
• References = 155
• 8 Enhancement = 159
• 8.1 General = 159
• 8.2 Increasing Physical and Cognitive Capabilities = 160
• 8.3 Altering External Characteristics = 163
• 8.3.1 Face Transplantation = 163
• 8.3.2 Interventions of Sex Change = 164
• 8.4 Genome “Enhancement” = 165
• 8.4.1 Uncertainty and Accepted Interventions :
• The Oviedo Convention = 165
• 8.4.2 Interventions Affecting Future Generations = 166
• 8.5 Aging Issues : Enhancement and Natural Decline = 167
• 8.6 Further Studying = 168
• References = 171
• 9 Self-Ownership = 173
• 9.1 General = 173
• 9.2 Gametes as Products = 174
• 9.3 Parts of the Human Organism : Cells, Tissues, Organs = 175
• 9.4 Biological Data from the Human Organism = 177
• 9.5 Further Studying = 178
• References = 179
• Part II. From Biodiversity To Intelligent Machines
• 10 Introduction : Biodiversity as a Legal Value = 183
• 10.1 Serving Humans = 184
• 10.1.1 The Existing Generations = 184
• 10.1.2 Responsibility Towards Future Generations = 186
• 10.2 The Inner Value of Species = 188
• 10.3 The Legal Approach = 191
• 10.3.1 A Selective Protection of Species = 191
• 10.3.2 A Relative Protection of Non-human Species = 192
• 10.4 Further Studying = 193
• References = 195
• 11 The Conservation of Species = 199
• 11.1 Microorganisms = 199
• 11.2 Plants = 202
• 11.2.1 Conservation of Concrete Plant Species or Plant Individuals = 204
• 11.2.2 Conservation of Ecosystems = 206
• 11.3 Animals = 207
• 11.3.1 The Main Distinction = 207
• 11.3.2 Protection of Invertebrate Animals = 209
• 11.3.3 Protection of Vertebrate Animals = 210
• 11.3.4 Specific Categories of Vertebrate Animals = 212
• 11.4 Further Studying = 217
• References = 222
• 12 Producing Species = 225
• 12.1 Nature/Society : A Permanent Conflict = 225
• 12.2 Biodiversity and Agriculture = 227
• 12.2.1 Land Use = 228
• 12.2.2 Farming Methods = 231
• 12.2.3 Changes in Cultivations = 232
• 12.3 Balancing the Value of Biodiversity = 233
• 12.4 Products of Genetic Engineering = 235
• 12.4.1 The Precautionary Principle = 236
• 12.4.2 Biosafety : The International Legal Framework = 238
• 12.4.3 The EU Law = 239
• 12.5 Synthetic Biology = 246
• 12.5.1 Concept and Applications = 246
• 12.5.2 The Law in Relevance = 247
• 12.5.3 Future Applications to Living Organisms = 248
• 12.6 Further Studying = 249
• References = 255
• 13 Life as a Commodity = 259
• 13.1 Commercialization of Plants and Animals = 259
• 13.2 Products Supporting Life = 260
• 13.3 Patents in Biological Applications = 261
• 13.3.1 Inventions and Discoveries = 262
• 13.3.2 “Morality” Clauses = 266
• 13.4 Further Studying = 270
• References = 276
• 14 Concluding Remarks = 277
• Part III. Future Challenges for Biolaw
• 15 “Animal Rights” = 281
• 15.1 The Problem = 281
• 15.2 The Legal Concept of “Rights” : Some Clarifications = 282
• 15.3 The Equation “Human ¼ Rights” = 283
• 15.4 “Pure” and Empirical Perceptions of the Subject = 285
• 15.5 The Neurophysiology of Non-Human Species = 286
• 15.6 Animal “Interests” and Human Responsibility = 288
• 15.7 Positive Law Limitations and the Recognition of Animal Rights = 289
• 15.7.1 Should We Recognize Rights to All Animals? = 289
• 15.7.2 Which Rights for Animals? = 290
• 15.7.3 The Exercise of Animal Rights = 294
• References = 296
• 16 Biolaw Beyond Biology : Artificial Intelligence and Smart Robots = 299
• 16.1 General = 299
• 16.2 Is Ethically Accepted the Development of Artificial Intelligence? = 301
• 16.3 The Moral Status of Intelligent Machines and the Future
• Role of Law = 303
• References = 304
• Index 307