The Korean government announced Hydrogen Economy Roadmap in January 2019 with a vision of positioning itself as a leading hydrogen economy. The main goals of the roadmap include developing the hydrogen economy as a new engine for sustainable economic ...
The Korean government announced Hydrogen Economy Roadmap in January 2019 with a vision of positioning itself as a leading hydrogen economy. The main goals of the roadmap include developing the hydrogen economy as a new engine for sustainable economic growth and transitioning to an eco-friendly energy system while reducing its high dependence on foreign energy by establishing a robust hydrogen economy. Meanwhile, the roadmap is more focused on policies aimed at promoting the use of hydrogen technologies such as hydrogen cars and fuel cells, rather than the production side. Therefore, it is considered necessary to have further discussion on hydrogen production and set a policy direction, as it is an essential part of a vibrant hydrogen economy.
Under this context, this study analyzes hydrogen supply policies in major countries that are pursuing the hydrogen economy and their implications in order to discuss an efficient hydrogen supply system in Korea. The aim of this study is to provide implications for a hydrogen supply system that could be applicable to Korea through a comprehensive review of overseas cases and the Korean government’s hydrogen supply policies introduced in its Hydrogen Economy Roadmap.
European Union (EU) unveiled its Hydrogen Roadmap Europe in February 2019 to support the stable implementation of energy transition policies. The roadmap outlined EU’s policies and action plans to expand the use of hydrogen and fuel cells by 2050, and based on which key EU countries such as Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and the UK are intent on producing hydrogen in an eco-friendly manner, establishing supply chain infrastructure and expanding the use of hydrogen.
In particular, regarding the eco-friendly way of producing hydrogen, policy supports are being provided for the development of technologies that convert electricity generated from renewable energy sources to hydrogen. In addition, research projects for large-scale production facilities also receive policy supports.
Japan announced Hydrogen·Fuel Cell Strategy Roadmap in June 2014 and adopted Basic Hydrogen Strategy in December 2017 and then revised the Hydrogen·Fuel cell Strategy Roadmap in March 2019, introducing plans to promote the hydrogen economy. The 2019’s roadmap described a hydrogen supply system that combines domestic hydrogen production and its import from abroad. Japan’s domestic hydrogen production is mainly consist of so-called “green hydrogen” from renewable sources and low-carbon hydrogen from unutilized local resources. As for its import, the roadmap envisaged an eco-friendly global hydrogen supply system to import green hydrogen produced from renewable sources or fossil fuels combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS).
The Council of Australian Governments Energy Council announced National Hydrogen Strategy in November 2019 for the government and relevant industry to spur the hydrogen energy sector and turn hydrogen energy into an exportable resource. In Australia, hydrogen production is divided into two categories; 1) green hydrogen from electrolysis of water, using electricity generated from renewable energy sources, 2) “blue hydrogen” from fossil fuels with CCS, such as natural gas and coal, which are abundant in Australia.
Though new production methods are emerging along with technological development, hydrogen is mostly produced today from steam methane reforming of natural gas, electrolysis of water using electricity and coal gasification, while importing hydrogen from abroad could be considered as another option.
Each supply option has some advantages and disadvantages; hydrogen production from coal and natural gas is highly economical but has a constraint regarding CO2 emissions; hydrogen production from electrolysis is environmentally friendly, as it does not emit CO2, but securing the economics is relatively more difficult. In the case of importing hydrogen, the advantage is an access to hydrogen produced in an efficient and eco-friendly manner, but high transport cost could be disadvantageous.
The Korean government suggested four means of hydrogen supply (natural gas reforming, by-product hydrogen, electrolysis, importing from abroad) in its Hydrogen Economy Roadmap announced in 2019. By-product hydrogen and steam methane reforming are currently available, which are suggested in the early stage of the hydrogen economy. In the medium and long term, green hydrogen produced from electrolysis of water or imported from abroad is suggested, which does not emit CO2.
The Hydrogen Economy Roadmap’s supply plan lacked specific production volume by production methods and detailed analysis on the economics. In addition, it was pointed out that a production portfolio should be set up taking into account the structure of hydrogen consumption.
In Korea, hydrogen production from steam methane reforming is currently available, but in the medium and long term, green hydrogen produced from electrolysis or imported from abroad is considered as a promising option.
In order to meet the goal of building a vibrant hydrogen economy, a system is required to ensure stable supply of hydrogen, which is produced in an eco-friendly and economic way, and the following policy implications should be considered in establishing such a system.
First, the hydrogen supply system should be in line with the ultimate aim of building a hydrogen economy, which is a transition to an eco-friendly energy system.
Major countries that are pursuing the hydrogen economy (i.e. EU, Japan) promote the use of hydrogen energy as a means of achieving ‘decarbonization’ and ‘renewable energy transition’ goals.
Korea is also seeking to build a hydrogen economy with the aim of transitioning to the green energy future. Therefore, when establishing the hydrogen supply system, it is worthy to note that too much focus on the current economics or hydrogen supply target in quantitative terms could result in a long way from the ultimate policy goal.
Secondly, the Hydrogen Economy Roadmap needs to be improved to present a detailed hydrogen production portfolio by 2040. Setting a specific goal could be challenging, as the hydrogen industry is at an early stage, and there is a high degree of uncertainty in technological advance. Still, a detailed production portfolio is required, given that a clear policy goal increases the chance of achieving it.
Thirdly, the government and private sector should all take a part and work on collaboration details to build a robust hydrogen economy. EU countries that are promoting the hydrogen economy acknowledge that the government support and policies are important, but private enterprises also have an important role to play in the hydrogen R&D sector. That means the government’s role should be clearly defined, and when it comes to the areas where private companies perform more effectively, such as the development of technology and business, the government should confine its role to providing support.
Lastly, legal, institutional and financial frameworks should be strengthened to enhance the sustainability of policies that create a vibrant hydrogen economy. A lack of confidence in sustainable policy implementation could hinder the private sector’s interest and investment in the hydrogen industry where uncertainty is high. Legal and institutional arrangement could address this uncertainty, providing momentum to create a hydrogen economy. For instance, if the government lays out detailed plans on the hydrogen economy in Energy Master Plan, the uncertainty will decrease. In addition, a stable financial flow to the hydrogen economy is essential to ensure sustainable policy implementation, and thus it could be considered to set aside financial resources such as Special Account for Energy & Resource Project or Electric Power Industry Basis Fund.