The growing density of food labels encountered daily raises questions about whether consumers genuinely process all this information. This study aims to interpret this phenomenon from a macro-institutional perspective and a micro-behavioral perspectiv...
The growing density of food labels encountered daily raises questions about whether consumers genuinely process all this information. This study aims to interpret this phenomenon from a macro-institutional perspective and a micro-behavioral perspective.
The symbolic theoretical rationale for food labeling regulation lies in information asymmetry. Although information asymmetry remains a primary justification for labeling regulations, this concept alone insufficiently explains the contemporary expansion of food labeling regulations. For example, nutritional labeling emerged from the discovery of risks through scientific research and arguments based on bounded rationality, advocating for more proactive consumer protection rather than merely responding to consumer demand. Accordingly, this study structurally explores the institutional drivers behind regulatory expansion and identifies the fundamental causes of the proliferation of food labeling items. It also examines the causes of information overload from the consumers' perspective exposed to an increasing volume of labeling information.
To this end, the history of food labeling was examined from the perspective of the emergence and response to risks, and the theoretical background and value of food labeling were explored according to the changes of the times. In modern times, scientific uncertainty meets the precautionary principle to create food labeling regulations for new technologies, and the right to know is going beyond the realm of food safety to realize new social values. Labeling items can be categorized based on risk into inherent food risks, technological risks arising inevitably from scientific advances, and social risks created by human actions in a risk society. Through this, the aspects of institutionalization and political discourse were analyzed. Meanwhile, from a microscopic perspective, empirical data on consumers' engagement with online food labeling were analyzed to identify factors influencing information avoidance, a representative phenomenon of information overload.
The quantitative analysis showed that information avoidance increased with the number of labeling items, but decreased significantly for products targeted at infants and toddlers or products requiring cooking. In addition, we confirmed the results that the longer the expiration date or the higher the sales, the more the avoidance rate increased. This means that the phenomenon of information avoidance in food labeling can occur due to factors such as individuals, procedures, and organizations in addition to the increase in direct labeling items.
Qualitative analysis reveals that the expansion of food labeling systems is driven not only by consumers’ right to know but also by scientific uncertainty and social conflict. Thus, food labeling aligns with advancing consumer rights and strengthens consumer choice regarding risks, but simultaneously serves as a compromise mechanism to transfer uncertainty and a political tool to rebuild social trust. This highlights the occurrence of "individualization of risk" and "inequalities in risk distribution," which are representative phenomena within risk society.
This study comprehensively analyzed the expansion of food labeling regulations and the phenomenon of information overload in Korea from multiple perspectives, clarified the processes of institutional formation and regulatory structures, and identified the underlying causes of information overload. It suggests that in order for the food labeling system to operate effectively, a system design that also considers information overload is necessary. In addition, the research results can be used as basic data for the restructuring of the food labeling system and securing information design capabilities in the future as the food distribution environment and the media for labeling are changing. It is expected that this study will contribute to expanding the depth and breadth of understanding of the food labeling system.