미세 먼지 주요 성분인 PAHs, Trace Elements, Ions이 인간 기도 상피세포 (Calu-3) 생리에 미치는 영향 = Effects of Key Particulate Matter Components (PAHs, Trace Elements, and Ions) on the Physiology of Human Airway Epithelial Cells (Calu-3)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Health concerns related to particulate matter (PM) pollution are on the rise globally. This study investigates the effects of the main components of PM on human airway epithelial cells (Calu-3), focusing on three distinct types: PM10-bound PAHs (including Benzo[a]anthracene and Benzo[b]fluoranthene), PM10-bound trace elements (containing arsenic and lead), and PM2.5-bound ions (comprising sodium and calcium). Calu-3 cells were exposed to these PM components at concentrations ranging from 2 to 100 μg/mL. Unexposed Calu-3 cells exhibited a 60% increase in metabolic activity after 12 hours. In contrast, exposure to PM components resulted in significant reductions in cell viability, with PM10-bound PAHs and PM10-bound trace elements causing decreases of 54% and 55% respectively, and PM2.5-bound ions leading to a 63% reduction at 100 μg/mL. Additionally, there was found to be a notable rise in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α. Specifically, IL-8 levels increased by 456%, and TNF-α levels rose by 660% after 12 hours of exposure to PM2.5-bound ions. These findings indicate that the size and composition of fine dust particles play a critical role in their cytotoxic effects, contributing to increased cell death, membrane damage, and necrosis in airway epithelial cells.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Snoeck, H. W., "Tumor necrosis factor alpha is a potent synergistic factor for the proliferation of primitive human hematopoietic progenitor cells and induces resistance to transforming growth factor beta but not to interferon gamma" 183 (183): 705-710, 1996

2 Gottipati, K. R., "Transcriptional mechanisms and protein kinase signaling mediate organic dust induction of IL-8 expression in lung epithelial and THP-1 cells" 308 (308): L11-21, 2015

3 Zaręba, Ł., "The relationship between fine particle matter(PM2. 5)exposure and upper respiratory tract diseases" 14 (14): 98-, 2024

4 Kreft, M. E., "The characterization of the human cell line Calu-3 under different culture conditions and its use as an optimized in vitro model to investigate bronchial epithelial function" 69 : 1-9, 2015

5 Xie, C., "TNF-α increases tracheal epithelial asbestos and fiberglass binding via a NF-κB-dependent mechanism" 279 (279): L608-L614, 2000

6 Jacobsen, F. W., "TNF-alpha bidirectionally modulates the viability of primitive murine hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro" 157 (157): 1193-1199, 1996

7 Kelly, F. J., "Size, source and chemical composition as determinants of toxicity attributable to ambient particulate matter" 60 : 504-526, 2012

8 Han, J., "Seasonal variation of chemical composition in fine particles at Gosan, Korea" 107 : 221-237, 2005

9 Hetland, R. B., "Release of inflammatory cytokines, cell toxicity and apoptosis in epithelial lung cells after exposure to ambient air particles of different size fractions" 18 (18): 203-212, 2004

10 Valavanidis, A., "Pulmonary oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer : respirable particulate matter, fibrous dusts and ozone as major causes of lung carcinogenesis through reactive oxygen species mechanisms" 10 (10): 3886-3907, 2013

11 Marmolino, D., "Pregabalin antagonizes copper-induced toxicity in the brain : in vitro and in vivo studies" 18 (18): 210-222, 2011

12 Valavanidis, A., "Oxidative stress and pulmonary carcinogenesis through mechanisms of reactive oxygen species. How respirable particulate matter, fibrous dusts, and ozone cause pulmonary inflammation and initiate lung carcinogenesis" 1 : 247-265, 2019

13 Lin, H., "Oxidation potential and coupling effects of the fractionated components in airborne fine particulate matter" 213 : 113652-, 2022

14 Hamra, G, B., "Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure and Lung Cancer : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 122 (122): 906-911, 2014

15 Huang, Y., "NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell death" 18 (18): 2114-2127, 2021

16 Huang, Y. -C. T., "Mitochondrial oxidant production by a pollutant dust and NO-mediated apoptosis in human alveolar macrophage" 284 (284): C24-C32, 2003

17 Reizer, M., "Measurement report : Receptor modeling for source identification of urban fine and coarse particulate matter using hourly elemental composition" 21 (21): 14471-14492, 2021

18 Pope, C. A., "Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke : Shape of the Exposure–Response Relationships" 119 (119): 1616-1621, 2011

19 Shoenfelt, J. L., "Involvement of TLR2 and TLR4 in inflammatory immune responses induced by fine and coarse ambient air particulate matter" 86 (86): 303-312, 2009

20 Drumm, K., "Indoor Air Pollutants Stimulate Interleukin-8-Specific mRNA Expression and Protein Secretion of Alveolar Macrophages" 177 (177): 9-19, 1999

21 Fitoussi, R., "Human skin responses to environmental pollutants : A review of current scientific models" 306 : 119316-, 2022

22 Shaddick, G., "Half the world’s population are exposed to increasing air pollution" 3 (3): f23-, 2020

23 Shaltout, A. A., "Elemental composition of PM 2. 5 aerosol in a residential–industrial area of a Mediterranean megacity" 78 : 68-78, 2020

24 Lestari, M., "Dust Exposure and Lung Function Disorders" 3 (3): 218-230, 2023

25 Middleton, N. J., "Desert dust hazards : A global review" 24 : 53-63, 2017

26 Liu, L., "Cytotoxicity of the soluble and insoluble fractions of atmospheric fine particulate matter" 91 : 105-116, 2020

27 Yang, X., "Cytotoxicity induced by fine particulate matter(PM2. 5)via mitochondriamediated apoptosis pathway in human cardiomyocytes" 161 : 198-207, 2018

28 J. P. D., "Cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects of ambient and source-related particulate matter(PM)in relation to the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and cytokine adsorption by particles" 22 (22): 37-47, 2010

29 Thomson, E. M., "Cytotoxic and inflammatory potential of size-fractionated particulate matter collected repeatedly within a small urban area" 12 : 1-19, 2015

30 Meganathan, V., "Bacterial extracellular vesicles isolated from organic dust induce neutrophilic inflammation in the lung" 319 (319): L893-L907, 2020

31 Valavanidis, A., "Airborne Particulate Matter and Human Health : Toxicological Assessment and Importance of Size and Composition of Particles for Oxidative Damage and Carcinogenic Mechanisms" 26 (26): 339-362, 2008

32 Glencross, D. A., "Air pollution and its effects on the immune system" 151 : 56-68, 2020