Economics for health care management

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Introduction = xi
• 1. The basic economic questions = 1
• Introduction = 1
• 1.1 Health care and health = 5
• What is health? = 6
• The costs of poor health = 6
• 1.2 Demand for health care = 7
• 1.3 Production of health = 7
• 1.4 Requirements of health services = 8
• Economy = 8
• Effectiveness = 8
• Efficiency = 8
• Value for money = 9
• Equity = 9
• Ethical issues = 10
• 1.5 Health care and economics = 10
• 1.6 Economics and management = 12
• References = 12
• Questions for consideration = 13
• 2. Basic economic concepts = 15
• Introduction = 15
• 2.1 Scarcity and choice = 16
• 2.2 Opportunity cost = 17
• 2.3 Economic choices = 17
• How are decisions to be made? = 18
• The best use of resources = 21
• 2.4 Conclusion = 23
• References = 23
• Questions for consideration = 24
• 3. Efficiency = 25
• Introduction = 25
• 3.1 Aspects of efficiency = 26
• Productive efficiency = 26
• Technical efficiency = 26
• Effectiveness and efficiency = 27
• Allocative efficiency = 29
• Social efficiency = 29
• Distribution of output = 29
• 3.2 Efficiency and externalities = 31
• 3.3 Efficiency in health care systems = 32
• 3.4 Measuring efficiency in the NHS = 34
• 3.5 Value for money and efficiency = 36
• 3.6 Summary of efficiency measures = 36
• Appendix : Calculation of measures of bed utilization = 37
• References = 39
• Questions for consideration = 40
• 4. Introduction to demand and supply analysis = 42
• Introduction = 42
• 4.1 Demand = 43
• Types of products = 43
• Assumptions about consumers = 43
• Factors determining demand = 44
• 4.2 Supply = 49
• Factors determining supply = 50
• 4.3 Demand and supply in health care = 52
• 4.4 Elasticity = 53
• Price elasticity of demand = 54
• Factors affecting the value of the price elasticity of demand = 55
• Price elasticity and revenue = 56
• References = 58
• Questions for consideration = 58
• 5. The determination of price = 60
• Introduction = 60
• 5.1 The determination of price = 60
• 5.2 The effect of price restrictions = 62
• Effect of a maximum price = 62
• Effect of a minimum price = 65
• 5.3 The effect of changes in the conditions of demand and supply = 65
• 5.4 The price mechanism and the allocation of resources = 67
• 5.5 The determination of prices and the price mechanism in health care = 68
• References = 69
• Questions for consideration = 69
• 6. The economic analysis of production = 71
• Introduction = 71
• 6.1 The production function = 71
• Examples of the use of production function analysis in health care = 72
• Example of the use of production functions in social care = 72
• Average and marginal product = 73
• The short run in economic analysis = 73
• The law of diminishing marginal returns = 74
• The long run in economic analysis = 76
• Substitutability of inputs = 76
• Varying the skill-mix = 79
• 6.2 Returns to scale = 80
• 6.3 Measurement of output in health care = 81
• Average and marginal product = 82
• Returns to scale = 83
• Substitution of inputs = 83
• References = 84
• Questions for consideration = 84
• 7. The economic analysis of costs = 85
• Introduction = 85
• 7.1 The classification of costs = 85
• Fixed costs = 85
• Variable costs = 86
• Semi-variable costs = 86
• 7.2 Direct and indirect costs = 87
• 7.3 Allocation of indirect costs = 87
• 7.4 Total, average and marginal cost = 88
• 7.5 Short-run cost curves = 89
• The total cost curve = 89
• Total fixed costs and marginal cost = 89
• The average cost curves = 91
• Average cost and marginal cost = 91
• 7.6 Marginal cost and decision-making = 94
• Costs and pricing = 97
• 7.7 Long-run costs = 99
• Economies of scale = 99
• The long-run average cost curve = 100
• Economies of scope = 102
• 7.8 Other cost concepts = 103
• Sunk costs = 103
• Incremental costs = 103
• Historical costs = 103
• 7.9 Estimating cost functions = 104
• References = 104
• Questions for consideration = 105
• 8. Marginal analysis = 107
• Introduction = 107
• 8.1 Marginal analysis and efficiency = 108
• 8.2 Marginal analysis and revenue maximization = 111
• Total, average and marginal revenue = 111
• 8.3 Marginal analysis and employment = 112
• 8.4 Marginal analysis and profit maximization = 114
• 8.5 Marginal analysis and maximization of output subject to a minimum profit constraint = 114
• 8.6 Marginal analysis and isoquants = 116
• The marginal rate of technical substitution(MRTS) = 116
• 8.7 Marginal analysis and the optimal combination of outputs = 117
• Summary of chapter results = 119
• References = 119
• 9. Market structures = 120
• Introduction = 120
• 9.1 Market structures = 121
• Buyers and sellers = 121
• Product = 121
• Information = 122
• Barriers to entry and exit = 122
• 9.2 Types of market structure = 123
• Perfect competition = 123
• Monopoly = 124
• Monopolistic competition = 125
• Monopsony = 125
• Bilateral monopoly = 126
• Oligopoly = 127
• 9.3 Quasi-markets = 127
• Efficiency = 127
• Responsiveness = 127
• Choice = 128
• Equity = 128
• 9.4 Market failure = 128
• Market structure = 128
• Information problems = 131
• Transaction costs and uncertainty = 132
• Objectives = 133
• Externalities = 133
• Mobility of factors of production = 133
• 9.5 Markets and hierarchies = 133
• 9.6 Transaction cost economics = 134
• The nature of transaction costs = 134
• The assumptions of transaction cost economics = 134
• Dimensions of transactions = 135
• Market or organization? = 135
• 9.7 Contracts = 136
• Types of contract = 136
• Forms of contract in the health service = 137
• Features of types of contract = 138
• References = 139
• Questions for consideration = 140
• 10. The firm and its objectives = 142
• Introduction = 142
• 10.1 Alternatives to profit maximization as an objective of the firm = 143
• 10.2 Hospital objectives = 144
• 10.3 Other health care providers = 147
• References = 149
• 11. Measurement and valuation in health care = 150
• Introduction = 150
• 11.1 Health status measurement = 151
• 11.2 Scales of measurement = 151
• Ordinal scales = 152
• Cardinal scales = 152
• Measures of health status = 153
• 11.3 Health profiles = 154
• Nottingham health profile = 154
• 11.4 Valuation in health care = 155
• 11.5 Attempts to identify shared values = 156
• Quality-adjusted life years = 156
• 11.6 Matrix of illness state ratings = 157
• Making decisions about treatment = 160
• Common values = 161
• References = 162
• Questions for consideration = 163
• 12. Financial analysis and economic appraisal = 166
• Introduction = 166
• 12.1 Decision rules in financial analysis = 167
• Net present value = 167
• The net benefit investment ratio = 168
• The internal rate of return = 168
• The benefit-cost ratio = 169
• 12.2 Economic appraisal = 169
• Types of analysis = 170
• 12.3 Why not leave it to the market? = 170
• Social efficiency = 171
• Measuring benefits in money terms = 172
• Time preference and discounting = 173
• Risk and uncertainty = 174
• Aggregation and equity = 176
• 12.4 The stages of economic appraisal = 176
• The choice of a project = 177
• References = 181
• Questions for consideration = 181
• 13. Financing health care = 182
• Introduction = 182
• 13.1 Patterns of health service financing = 183
• 13.2 National patterns of health care = 186
• Tax finance = 186
• Compulsory social insurance = 186
• Private insurance-based schemes = 188
• 13.3 Financing patterns and the key economic questions = 189
• What services should be provided? = 189
• How should goods and services be provided? = 190
• Who should receive goods and services = 191
• 13.4 Key objectives of health care reform = 192
• Cost control = 192
• Equity = 193
• Provider efficiency = 194
• Appendix : Health financing = 195
• Levels of health expenditure = 195
• Increasing health expenditure／cost control comparisons = 195
• References = 196
• Review exercises = 198
• Index = 199