The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria acts as a formidable barrier against small molecule antibiotics seeking to penetrate into the bacterial interior. Developing antibiotics specifically targeting Gram-negative bacteria poses significant chall...
The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria acts as a formidable barrier against small molecule antibiotics seeking to penetrate into the bacterial interior. Developing antibiotics specifically targeting Gram-negative bacteria poses significant challenges due to the molecular physicochemical properties required for traversing their cell membrane, including a net positive charge, flat rather than globular structure, low flexibility, and high amphiphilic moment. Consequently, the development of antibiotics capable of permeating the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria necessitates specific physicochemical properties, making it a daunting task.
In light of this, the focus has shifted towards the development of sensitizing antimicrobial peptides that can adhere to the outer membrane, potentially enabling the passage of Gram-positive antibiotics. Extensive efforts have been devoted to enhancing their sensitizing capabilities through systematic adjustments in the length, hydrophobicity, and N-terminal modifications of alpha-helical peptides folded with proline. This exploration culminated in the successful creation of a novel peptide, 1403, exhibiting improved sensitization, effectively rendering Gram-positive antibiotics efficacious both extracellularly and intracellularly. The "sensitizer" approach is emerging as a more effective strategy, considering factors such as drug development costs and the possibility of drug resistance compared to conventional antibiotic development methods.
Furthermore, the combined treatment of sensitizing peptides with Gram-positive antibiotics has been demonstrated to not only treat Gram-negative bacteria effectively but also enhance their antimicrobial potency. Expanding the research scope, computational analyses utilizing physicochemical calculations were employed to identify molecules exhibiting robust antimicrobial activity when co-administered with peptides across different antibiotic classes, thereby distinguishing their varied physicochemical properties.
Of paramount importance is the ability of sensitizing peptides to overcome the restrictive physicochemical properties associated with known Gram-negative antibiotics, thereby dismantling existing paradigms and extending their action to a broader spectrum.
Subsequent development efforts have focused on the creation of next-generation sensitizing peptides based on the 1403 peptide. Mitochondria, with their unique lipid composition, particularly abundant cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, served as a target for the development of peptides specifically targeting Gram-negative bacteria. By constructing an 8th generation peptide library, efforts were made to assess antimicrobial efficacy, with a strategic focus on maintaining high efficiency against the target while minimizing toxicity. Rational design strategies, including the incorporation of D-amino acid substitutions known for their resistance to protease degradation, were employed to enhance peptide stability. Additionally, efforts aimed at reducing alpha-helicity properties of the peptides, crucial for mitigating protease susceptibility, were pursued through proline-induced structural alterations. Notably, D-amino acid substitutions at positions 1, 2, and 15 of lysine were omitted to avoid compromising the helical conformation.
Ultimately, successful construction of a 9th generation peptide library was achieved. Peptides ranging from 1901 to 1904 were designed by replacing lysine residues at positions 5, 8, 9, and 12 of the original 1403 peptide sequence with D-lysine, while excluding positions 1, 2, and 15. Peptides from 1905 to 1909 were engineered to induce a kinked structure by utilizing proline from the original 1403 peptide sequence. Based on experimental findings, two peptides incorporating both strategies were synthesized: peptide 1910 fused the synthetic strategies applied to peptides 1904 and 1905, whereas peptide 1911 amalgamated those applied to peptides 1904 and 1909. Consequently, peptide 1911 exhibited significantly low toxicity and demonstrated superior sensitization efficacy at lower concentrations compared to other peptides. The development of peptide 1911, integrating both strategies, holds promise for achieving responsive antimicrobial effects at minimal toxicity levels within in vivo.
keywords : Sensitizer, Gram-negative bacteria, Antibiotics, Potentiator, physicochemical property, Cardiolipin, Cyclohexyl alanine, D-form substitution, Alpha helicity.
Student Number : 2021-27124