Job creation and destruction

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Tables = xi
• Figures = xv
• Foreword = xvii
• Acknowledgments = xxi
• Introduction = 1
• 1 Concepts, Measurement, and Data = 9
• 1.1 Job Creation and Destruction = 9
• 1.2 Job Reallocation and Worker Reallocation = 11
• 1.3 The LRD : Data and Measurement = 13
• 2 Basic Facts about Job Creation and Destruction = 17
• 2.1 Magnitude = 18
• 2.2 Persistence = 21
• 2.3 Concentration = 26
• 2.4 Cyclicality = 31
• 2.5 The Connection between Job Reallocation and Worker Reallocation = 34
• 3 Similarities and Differences by Industry and Other Sectors = 37
• 3.1 Variation across Industries = 38
• 3.1.1 Implications for Worker Flows = 38
• 3.1.2 Excess Job Reallocation and Plant-Level Heterogeneity = 38
• 3.1.3 Which Industries Create the Most Jobs? = 40
• 3.2 Variation across Regions = 41
• 3.3 Variation by Wage Level = 43
• 3.3.1 Wages and Net Job Growth = 43
• 3.3.2 Wages and Gross Job Flows = 46
• 3.4 Variation by Exposure to International Trade = 47
• 3.5 Variation by Productivity Growth, Factor Intensity, and Degree of Specialization = 50
• 3.6 Quantifying the Role of Between-Sector Employment Shifts = 52
• 3.7 Sectoral Variation in the Persistence of Job Creation and Destruction = 53
• 4 Differences by Size and Age of Plants and Firms = 57
• 4.1 Context and Motivation = 57
• 4.2 Measuring Employer Size and Employer Age = 58
• 4.3 Job Creation and Destruction Rates by Employer Size = 60
• 4.4 The Size Distribution Fallacy = 62
• 4.5 Netting Out Reality = 64
• 4.6 The Regression Fallacy = 66
• 4.7 An Unsuitable Database = 70
• 4.8 What Fraction of New Manufacturing Jobs Did Small Employers Create? = 72
• 4.9 Job Creation and Destruction Rates by Plant Age = 76
• 4.10 The Durability of Jobs by Employer Size and Age = 78
• 5 Job Flows and Business Cycles = 83
• 5.1 Context and Motivation = 84
• 5.2 The Prevailing View of Business Cycles = 84
• 5.2.1 The Macroeconomic Framework = 84
• 5.2.2 Some Empirical Underpinnings of the Prevailing View = 85
• 5.2.3 Implications for Layoffs = 89
• 5.2.4 Predictions for Job Creation and Destruction Dynamics = 90
• 5.3 Time-Series Evidence on Creation and Destruction = 91
• 5.3.1 Total Manufacturing = 91
• 5.3.2 Variation among Sectors and Plant Types = 94
• 5.3.3 A Summary of the LRD Evidence = 99
• 5.3.4 Evidence Based on Other Data Sources = 99
• 5.4 Some Theoretical Elements of a Richer View of Recessions = 103
• 5.4.1 The Role of Heterogeneity and Reallocation Frictions = 104
• 5.4.2 Allocative Shocks as Driving Forces behind Aggregate Fluctuations = 106
• 5.4.3 Aggregate Shocks and Reallocation Timing Effects = 109
• 5.4.4 Information Spillovers, Allocative Shocks, and Aggregate Fluctuations = 110
• 5.5 A Case Study : Restructuring in the Steel Industry = 112
• 5.6 Differences among Recessions = 118
• 6 Job Flows, Worker Flows, and Unemployment over the Business Cycle = 125
• 6.1 Context and Motivation = 126
• 6.2 The Relationship between Job Flows and the Unemployment Rate = 126
• 6.3 Gross Worker Flows - Concepts and Magnitudes = 128
• 6.4 The Time-Series Relationship between Worker and Job Flows = 134
• 6.4.1 Total Unemployment Flows = 134
• 6.4.2 Unemployment Flows by Reason = 138
• 6.4.3 Unemployment Flows by Age and Sex = 143
• 6.4.4 Putting the Pieces Together = 146
• 6.4.5 Some Missing Pieces = 149
• 6.5 Appendix : Seasonal Variation in the Flows = 150
• 7 Economic and Policy Implications = 153
• 7.1 The Limitations of Our Statistical Portrait = 154
• 7.2 Heterogeneity in Job Growth Outcomes = 157
• 7.2.1 The Magnitude and Pervasiveness of Job Reallocation = 157
• 7.2.2 Reasons for Heterogeneity = 158
• 7.2.3 Heterogeneity, Ignorance, and Economic Policy = 159
• 7.3 Targeted Industrial and Commercial Policies = 161
• 7.3.1 Arguments for Targeted Policies = 161
• 7.3.2 Heterogeneous Business Performance and the Efficacy of Targeted Policies = 165
• 7.3.3 Should the Government Pursue Targeted Commercial Policies? = 168
• 7.4 Preferential Policy Treatment on the Basis of Employer Size = 169
• 7.5 Laws and Policies Governing Worker and Job Flows = 172
• 7.6 Worker Retraining, Relocation, and Job-Finding Programs = 173
• 7.7 International Trade, Job Security, and Specific Human Capital Investment = 174
• 7.8 Aggregate Stabilization Policies = 176
• 8 A Postscript on Prospects for Data Development = 181
• 8.1 The Standard Statistical Establishment List = 182
• 8.2 The Bureau of Labor Statistics 202 Dataset = 183
• 8.3 A National Wage Records Database = 185
• 8.4 Possibilities and Practicalities = 186
• Technical Appendix = 187
• A.1 Theoretical Concepts = 188
• A.1.1 Gross Job Creation, Destruction, and Reallocation = 189
• A.1.2 Net Job Creation = 190
• A.1.3 Persistence of Job Creation and Destruction = 191
• A.2 The Longitudinal Research Database(LRD) = 192
• A.2.1 Longitudinality = 192
• A.2.2 ASM Sampling and Panels = 194
• A.2.3 Sample Frame Maintenance = 196
• A.3 Adjusting the Raw Data = 197
• A.3.1 Annual Employment Data = 197
• A.3.2 Quarterly Employment Data = 198
• A.3.3 Missing Values and Processing Errors = 199
• A.4 Measurement Methodology = 200
• A.4.1 Measurement Mechanics = 200
• A.4.2 Imputation in the First Periods of ASM Panels = 204
• A.4.3 Retiming Quarterly Births and Shutdowns = 205
• A.5 Statistical Precision = 208
• A.6 Published versus Sample Data = 211
• A.6.1 Published Data = 212
• A.6.2 Comparisons of Levels and Growth Rates = 214
• A.6.3 Decomposition of Published Data = 216
• A.6.4 A Hypothetical Panel = 218
• A.6.5 Adjustments to Job Flows Data = 219
• A.7 Sector Definitions = 220
• A.7.1 Industry = 220
• A.7.2 Geography = 222
• A.7.3 Plant Characteristics = 223
• A.7.4 Two-Dimensional Sectoral Classifications = 230
• A.8 Using the Data = 230
• A.8.1 The Data Diskette = 230
• A.8.2 Levels of Gross Job Creation and Destruction = 231
• A.8.3 Alternative Aggregate Data Classifications = 233
• A.8.4 Quarter Definitions and Seasonality = 234
• A.8.5 Change in the SIC Industry Definition = 236
• A.8.6 Analysis of Startups and Shutdowns = 236
• A.9 How to Obtain the Data = 236
• References = 239
• Index = 255