This study analyzes the spectatorial mechanism of narrative-driven performances based on environmental scenography, with a focus on Sleep No More by the theater company Punchdrunk. Since the early 2000s, as the newly coined term 'immersive theater' ha...
This study analyzes the spectatorial mechanism of narrative-driven performances based on environmental scenography, with a focus on Sleep No More by the theater company Punchdrunk. Since the early 2000s, as the newly coined term 'immersive theater' has rapidly gained traction, Punchdrunk has played a pivotal role in both representing this form of practice and driving its dissemination. Originating in the UK, their work emphasizes the audience's physical and multi-sensory experiences as its foundation and explores diverse experimental approaches. Among these, narrative-driven performances propose individualized audience experiences within intricately designed large-scale scenographies. In this format, narrative elements are actively deployed: intertextually expanded source texts are embedded not only in the performers' actions but also implicitly implemented in the physical components of the scenography. These embedded texts serve as focal points that prompt both exploration and narrative interpretation. Environmental scenographic strategies that encourage narrative discovery and evoke physical movement and sensory intimacy give rise to new spectatorial patterns. This is because audiences construct individual exploratory paths and engage in embodied textual construction, extracting meaning from limited and fragmented narrative elements.
However, existing research has consistently raised critical perspectives regarding the expansion and influence of such practices. Critics have argued that Punchdrunk's work merely extends the lineage of environmental theater without being fundamentally new, and have questioned whether such engagement can be interpreted as meaningful participation, given that audience actions within fixed narrative and performance structures fail to effect substantial change. In response, this study seeks to explore new interpretive possibilities by closely examining the specific mechanisms of audience experience that their practices implement.
Environmental scenography in narrative-driven performances transforms traditional spectatorship's predetermined viewing mode into one of individualized path construction. The scenographic configuration that overlaps performance and viewing spaces can be seen as a strategy that inherits the legacy of environmental theater while actively utilizing narrative elements to transform audiences into explorers who discover stories. Through multi-sensory spatial exploration, audiences collect narrative clues from source texts and reconfigure them into individual meaning structures. Despite the fixed nature of narrative events and performances, individual audience movements and choices yield distinct discoveries and paths. In this process, perceptual and cognitive engagement expands through the ongoing mapping of narrative clues, with the pleasure of discovery and pattern recognition forming the core of the narrative-driven performance mechanism.
The audience’s traversal of fragmented scenes and scenographic cues—and their reconstruction of narratives through this process—bears structural resemblance to Espen Aarseth’s concept of ergodic reading. Therefore, this study analyzes such spectatorial patterns at the intersection of ergodic theory and game theory, viewing them as procedural participation where audiences construct textual paths through "non-trivial effort."
To this end, Chapter 1 provides an overview of Punchdrunk's general practices and characteristics of narrative-driven performances, examining existing critical discourses about their practices and questions regarding the nature of audience participation. Chapter 2 analyzes the architectural structure of Sleep No More (New York), focusing on entry points designed to acclimate audiences to new spatial rules; multi-room environmental structures that foster selective inattention and egocentric spatial reference; and (syn)aesthetics that seek multi-sensory stimulation beyond the dominance of audiovisual hierarchies. Chapter 3 analyzes strategies through which Punchdrunk's scenography implements source texts in implicit and physical forms within space, confirming strategies that complementarily drive narrative immersion and immersion in the act of exploration itself. In Punchdrunk's narrative-driven practices, audience spectatorship comprises multilayered experiences that extend beyond conventional "viewing" to include individual "path construction" and unique "exploratory actions." The individualized experience involving audiences' strategic decision-making constitutes procedural participation, demonstrating ludic and procedural audience experience mechanisms that differ from existing participation discourse. Rather than traditional participatory concepts with democratic and political significance, such procedural participation embodies competitive characteristics structured by procedural rules and reward systems. Audiences make strategic judgments about their spatial movement and behavioral choices within given temporal constraints, acquiring differentiated information and sensory experiences compared to other audience members based on these choices. A reward system where more extensive or diverse exploratory activities lead to richer collection of narrative and sensory clues induces audiences to participate in continuous exploration processes.
This study views Punchdrunk's environmental scenographic strategies as proposing spectatorial mechanisms that reorganize audiences' cognitive and sensory experiences, going beyond mere spatial expansion. Their practices expand the modes and scope of participation beyond interpretive autonomy and emotional engagement, and can be regarded as meaningful efforts to chart new directions for audience experience in contemporary performance art.