Phenolic plant extracts are additive in their effects against in vitro ruminal methane and ammonia formation

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Objective: The methane mitigating potential of various plant-based polyphenol sources is known, but effects of combinations have rarely been tested. The aim of the present study was to determine whether binary and 3-way combinations of such phenol sources affect ruminal fermentation less, similar or more intensively than separate applications.
Methods: The extracts used were from Acacia mearnsii bark (acacia), Vitis vinifera (grape) seed, Camellia sinensis leaves (green tea), Uncaria gambir leaves (gambier), Vaccinium macrocarpon berries (cranberry), Fagopyrum esculentum seed (buckwheat), and Ginkgo biloba leaves (ginkgo). All extracts were tested using the Hohenheim gas test. This was done alone at 5% of dry matter (DM). Acacia was also combined with all other single extracts at 5% of DM each, and with two other phenol sources (all possible combinations) at 2.5%+2.5% of DM.
Results: Methane formation was reduced by 7% to 9% by acacia, grape seed and green tea and, in addition, by most extract combinations with acacia. Grape seed and green tea alone and in combination with acacia also reduced methane proportion of total gas to the same degree. The extracts of buckwheat and gingko were poor in phenols and promoted ruminal fermentation. All treatments except green tea alone lowered ammonia concentration by up to 23%, and the binary combinations were more effective as acacia alone. With three extracts, linear effects were found with total gas and methane formation, while with ammonia and other traits linear effects were rare.
Conclusion: The study identified methane and ammonia mitigating potential of various phenolic plant extracts and showed a number of additive and some non-linear effects of combinations of extracts. Further studies, especially in live animals, should concentrate on combinations of extracts from grape seed, green tea leaves Land acacia bark and determine the ideal dosages of such combinations for the purpose of methane mitigation.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Asquith TN, "Use of dye-labeled protein as spectrophotometric assay for protein precipitants such as tannin" 11 : 1535-1544, 1985

2 Alves TP, "The effects of supplementing Acacia mearnsii tannin extract on dairy cow dry matter intake, milk production, and methane emission in a tropical pasture" 49 : 1663-1668, 2017

3 Hess HD, "The effects of cultivation site on forage quality of Calliandra calothyrsus var. Patulul" 68 : 209-220, 2006

4 Aemiro A, "The effect of Sunphenon 30S-O on methane emission, nutrient intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation" 214 : 34-43, 2016

5 Cieslak A, "Rumen antimethanogenic effect of Saponaria officinalis L. phytochemicals in vitro" 152 : 981-993, 2014

6 Duval BD, "Potential for reducing on-farm greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from dairy cows with prolonged dietary tannin additions" 227 : 329-, 2016

7 John Shi, "Polyphenolics in Grape Seeds―Biochemistry and Functionality" 한국식품영양과학회 6 (6): 291-299, 2003

8 Association of Official Analytical Chemists, "Official methods of analysis" AOAC International 1997

9 McSweeney CS, "Microbial interactions with tannins : nutritional consequences for ruminants" 91 : 83-93, 2001

10 Staerfl SM, "Methane conversion rate of bulls fattened on grass or maize silage as compared with the IPCC default values, and the long-term methane mitigation efficiency of adding acacia tannin, garlic, maca and lupine" 148 : 111-120, 2012

11 Soliva CR, "Measuring methane production from ruminants" Springer 15-31, 2007

12 Seresinhe T, "In vitro screening of some tropical goat feeds for low methane and high ammonia generating potential in the rumen" 26 : 2014

13 Sinz S, "In vitro bioactivity of various pure flavonoids in ruminal fermentation, with special reference to methane formation" 63 : 293-304, 2018

14 Hatew B, "Impact of variation in structure of condensed tannins from sainfoin(Onobrychis viciifolia)on in vitro ruminal methane production and fermentation characteristics" 100 : 348-360, 2016

15 Graham HN, "Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry" 21 : 334-350, 1992

16 Oh S, "Ginkgo fruit extract as an additive to modify rumen microbiota and fermentation and to mitigate methane production" 100 : 1923-1934, 2017

17 Pellikaan WF, "Evaluating effects of tannins on extent and rate of in vitro gas and CH4 production using an automated pressure evaluation system (APES)" 166-167 : 377-390, 2011

18 Jones GA, "Effects of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) condensed tannins on growth and proteolysis by four strains of ruminal bacteria" 60 : 1374-1378, 1994

19 Stoldt AK, "Effects of rutin and buckwheat seeds on energy metabolism and methane production in dairy cows" 99 : 2161-2168, 2016

20 Wischer G, "Effects of long-term supplementation of chestnut and valonea extracts on methane release, digestibility and nitrogen excretion in sheep" 8 : 938-948, 2014

21 Wischer G, "Effects of different tannin-rich extracts and rapeseed tannin monomers on methane formation and microbial protein synthesis in vitro" 7 : 1796-1805, 2013

22 Junior FP, "Effect of tannins-rich extract from Acacia mearnsii or monensin as feed additives on ruminal fermentation efficiency in cattle" 203 : 21-29, 2017

23 Bento MHL, "Effect of mimosa tannin and pectin on microbial protein synthesis and gas production during in vitro fermentation of 15N-labelled maize shoots" 123-124 : 365-377, 2005

24 Ebert PJ, "Effect of condensed tannin extract supplementation on growth performance, nitrogen balance, gas emissions, and energetic losses of beef steers" 95 : 1345-1355, 2017

25 Kardel M, "Different approaches to evaluate tannin content and structure of selected plant extracts ‒ Review and new aspects" 86 : 154-166, 2013

26 Dijkstra J, "Dietary strategies to reducing N excretion from cattle : implications for methane emissions" 3 : 414-422, 2011

27 Patra AK, "Dietary phytochemicals as rumen modifiers : a review of the effects on microbial populations" 96 : 363-375, 2009

28 Jayanegara A, "Dependence of forage quality and methanogenic potential of tropical plants on their phenolic fractions as determined by principal component analysis" 163 : 231-243, 2011

29 Skrovankova S, "Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in different types of berries" 16 : 24673-24706, 2015

30 Hassanat F, "Assessment of the effect of condensed(acacia and quebracho)and hydrolysable(chestnut and valonea)tannins on rumen fermentation and methane production in vitro" 93 : 332-339, 2013

31 Venter PB, "Analysis of commercial proanthocyanidins. Part 3: The chemical composition of wattle (Acacia mearnsii) bark extract" 83 : 153-167, 2012