Block copolymer (BCP) thin films have been proposed as potential nanotemplate materials for a number of nanotechnology applications such as nanolithography and nanoporous membranes. In order for the self-assembled nanostructure of block copolymers to ...
Block copolymer (BCP) thin films have been proposed as potential nanotemplate materials for a number of nanotechnology applications such as nanolithography and nanoporous membranes. In order for the self-assembled nanostructure of block copolymers to be utilized in many nanotechnology practices, the manufacturing process of the nanostructure must be simple and fast. In addition, control of the defects and orientation of the microdomains must be possible to obtain a desired nanostructure.
Among many microphase development methods, solvent vapor annealing (SVA) has emerged as a powerful technique to manipulate the structure of BCP thin films that include, reducing the defects and controlling the orientation of the microdomains or morphology. Despite the wide spread use of SVA, understanding of the SVA process cannot be said fully established. One of the difficulties in understanding the SVA process is the fact that the morphology of the BCP films are typically characterized after drying from the swollen films.Therefore, the morphology development during the SVA have been monitored during the swelling and deswelling process using the real time X-ray scattering measurement recently. Nonetheless, there are many factors affecting the morphology development such as selectivity of the solvent, swelling ratio of BCP films, annealing time, swelling and deswelling rates, film thickness, humidity, and temperature. Despite a large number of studies on SVA, systematic studies considering the various factors are scarce. Some efforts focusing on a part of the numerous SVA factors often result in conflicting conclusions. In this dissertation study, a SVA chamber is developed that allows rapid swelling of BCP films to a desired swelling ratio and real time grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) measurement. With the device, a systematic study on the effects of the swelling ratio, selectivity of the solvent, and annealing time was carried out to elucidate the SVA process of BCP films. This study is expected to leads to a more general scheme of a SVA process for better oriented BCP nanostructures.
In chapter 1, the general background on self-assembly of BCP and microphase development methods for the nano-patterns is described. In addition, phase behavior of block copolymer upon SVA is briefly reviewed.
In chapter 2, a low pressure SVA chamber used in this study is described. The SVA chamber can make BCP films reach an equilibrium swelling ratio in a few minutes and allows in situ GISAXS measurements under the controlled swelling ratio of the films. The fast swelling of BCP films to a stable swelling ratio not only saves experimental time but also makes it possible to decouple the effects of swelling ratio and annealing time in the SVA process.
In chapter 3, the microphase development process in polystyrene-b-polyisoprene films showing cylinder morphology was investigated to elucidate the orientation mechanism during the SVA process. For the purpose, we examined the effects of swelling ratio of the film, annealing time and selectivity of the solvent as well as molecular weight and composition of the block copolymers on the orientation of the nanostructure using GISAXS and transmission electron microscopy. In general, the orientation of the cylinders proceeds from disordered state in a spin-coated film to horizontally oriented cylinder phase via vertically oriented cylinder phase. The rate of the orientation change is strongly affected by the SVA condition as well as the nature of the block copolymers. The orientation change rate is faster for lower molecular weight block copolymers under a more neutral solvent and at a higher swelling ratio. Therefore, the mobility of the block copolymer chains appears to dictate the orientation change rate while the general orientation behavior remains the same regardless of the SVA condition and the nature of the block copolymers.