CRC handbook of laboratory safety|RISS 상세보기

목차 (Table of Contents)

CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Assignment of Responsibilities
1.0. Introduction = 1
1.1. Laboratory Safety as a Comprehensive Responsibility = 4
1.2. Organization = 8

CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Assignment of Responsibilities
1.0. Introduction = 1
1.1. Laboratory Safety as a Comprehensive Responsibility = 4
1.2. Organization = 8
1.3. The Safety Department = 11
1.4. Departmental Responsibilities = 14
1.5. Laboratory Responsibilities = 16
Chapter 2 Emergency Programs
2.0. Emergencies = 19
2.1. Components of Emergency Preparedness = 20
2.1.1. Facilities, Fixed and Movable Equipment = 21
2.2. Institutional or Corporate Emergency Committee = 23
2.3. Emergency Plan = 24
2.3.1. Emergency Plan = 25
2.3.2. Emergency Equipment = 29
2.3.3. Basic Emergency Procedures = 34
2.3.4. Emergency Procedures for Selected Emergencies = 38
2.3.5. First Aid, Artificial Respiration, and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) = 49
2.3.5.1. Artificial Respiration = 50
2.3.5.2. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation = 52
2.3.5.3. First Aid = 53
Chapter 3 Laboratory Facilities―Design and Equipment
3.1. Laboratory Design = 61
3.1.1. Engineering and Architectural Principles = 62
3.1.2. Building Codes and Regulatory Requirements = 66
3.1.2.1. Building Classification = 66
3.1.2.2. Types of Construction = 68
3.1.2.3. Area and Height Limitations = 70
3.1.3. Laboratory Classification = 74
3.1.3.1. Program-Related Factors = 75
3.1.3.2. Laboratory Class Characteristics = 76
3.1.3.2.1. Low-Risk Facility = 76
3.1.3.2.2. Moderate-Risk Facility = 78
3.1.3.2.3. Substantial-Risk Facility = 80
3.1.3.2.4. High-Risk Facility = 85
3.1.4. Access = 90
3.1.4.1. Exitways = 91
3.1.4.1.1. Required Exits = 1
3.1.4.1.2. Exit Capacity = 92
3.1.4.1.3. Travel Distance = 92
3.1.4.1.5. Corridors = 93
3.1.4.1.6. Stairs = 94
3.1.4.1.7. Doors = 95
3.1.4.1.8. Exit Signs, Lights, Emergency Power = 97
3.1.4.1.9. Other Topics = 99
3.1.5. Construction and Interior Finish = 99
3.1.5.1. Construction Practices = 100
3.1.5.2. Interior Finish = 102
3.1.6. Ventilation = 104
3.1.6.1. Quality of Supplied Air = 111
3.1.7. Electrical Systems = 113
3.1.7.1 Hazardous Locations = 115
3.1.8. Plumbing = 118
3.1.8.1. Sanitary System Materials = 118
3.1.8.2. Backflow Prevention = 119
3.1.9. Other Laboratory Utilities = 121
3.l.1O. Maintenance Factors = 124
3.2. Fixed Equipment and Furniture = 126
3.2.1. Laboratory Furniture = 126
3.2.1.1. Base Units and Work Tops = 127
3.2.1.2. Storage Cabinets = 128
3.2.1.2.1. Flammable Material Storage = 129
3.2.1.2.2. Cabinets for Drug Storage = 132
3.2.1.2.3. Storage of Radioactive Materials = 133
3.2.1.2.4. Corrosive Materials = 135
3.2.1.2.5. Record Protection = 135
3.2.2. Hoods = 139
3.2.2.1. Factors Affecting Performance = 139
3.2.2.2. Types of Chemical Fume Hoods = 145
3.2.2.2.1. Conventional Fume Hood = 145
3.2.2.2.2. Conventional Hood, Horizontal Sash = 148
3.2.2.2.3. Bypass Hood = 150
3.2.2.2.4. Auxiliary Air Hoods = 150
3.2.2.2.5. Walk-In Hood = 151
3.2.2.2.6. Self-Contained Hoods = 151
3.2.2.2.7. Other Modes of Exhaust = 151
3.2.2.2.8. Perchloric Acid Hood = 153
3.2.2.2.9. Radioisotope Fume Hood = 155
3.2.2.2.10. Carcinogen Fume Hood = 156
3.2.2.3. Exhaust Ducts = 157
3.2.2.4. Biological Safety Cabinets = 162
3.2.2.4.1. Class 1 Cabinets = 162
3.2.2.4.2. Class 2 Cabinets = 164
3.2.2.4.3. Class 3 Cabinets (Glove Boxes) = 167
3.2.2.4.4. HEPA Filters = 168
3.2.2.4.5. Installation, Maintenance, and Certification = 169
3.2.3. Built-in Safety Equipment = 171
3.2.3.1. Eyewash Stations = 171
3.2.3.2. Safety (Deluge) Showers = 172
3.2.3.3. Fire-Suppression Systems = 174
3.2.3.3.1. Water Sprinkler Systems = 174
3.2.3.3.2. $$Halon^{TM}$$ Systems = 177
3.2.3.3.3. Carbon Dioxide Systems = 181
3.2.3.3.4. Dry Chemical Systems = 183
3.2.3.3.5. Foam Systems = 184
3.2.3.4. Fire Detection and Alarm Systems = 184
3.2.3.4.1. Detectors = 184
3.2.3.4.2. Automatic Alarm Systems = 187
3.2.4. Other Fixed Equipment = 189
3.3. Chemical Storage Rooms = 189
3.3.1. Capacity = 189
3.3.2. Construction Features = 189
3.3.3. Ventilation = 190
3.3.4. Fire Safety = 191
3.4. Movable Equipment = 191
3.4.1. Refrigeration Equipment = 193
3.4.2. Ovens = 195
3.4.3. Heating Baths = 196
3.4.4. Stills = 197
3.4.5. Kjeldahl Systems = 197
3.4.6. Autoclaves = 197
3.5. Animal Laboratory Special Requirements = 198
3.5.1. Fixed Equipment in Animal Holding Facilities = 198
3.5.1.1. Sanitization Equipment―Cage Washers = 198
3.5.1.2. Sanitization Equipment―Autoclaves = 199
3.5.1.3. Incinerator = 199
3.5.2. Equipment for Animal Laboratories and Holding Areas = 199
Chapter 4 Laboratory Operations
4.0. General Considerations = 201
4.1. Operational Planning = 203
4.1.1. Quantities = 205
4.1.2. Sources = 207
4.1.3. Material Safety Data Sheets = 208
4.2. Purchase of Regulated Items = 211
4.2.1. Radioisotopes = 211
4.2.2. Controlled Substances (Drugs) = 214
4.2.3. Etiologic Agents = 214
4.2.4. Carcinogens = 215
4.2.5. Explosives = 221
4.2.6. Equipment = 222
4.3. Free Materials = 222
4.4. Purchasing of Animals = 224
4.4.1. Introduction = 224
4.4.1.1. Selection Criteria for Rodents and Rabbits = 224
4.4.1.2. Laws Affecting Animal Purchasing = 224
4.4.1.3. Transportation of Animals = 225
4.4.1.4. Additional Laws Affecting Animal Purchase = 225
4.5. Storage = 225
4.5.1. Compatible Chemical Storage = 226
4.5.2. Labeling = 227
4.5.3. Regulated Materials = 229
4.5.3.1. Explosives = 229
4.5.3.2. Controlled Substances (Drugs) = 231
4.5.3.3. Radioisotopes = 232
4.5.3.4. Eliologic Agents = 234
4.5.3.5. Carcinogens = 235
4.5.4. Ethers = 237
4.5.5. Perchloric Acid = 241
4.5.6. Flammable Liquids = 242
4.5.7. Refrigeration Storage = 245
4.5.8. Gas Cylinders = 247
4.5.8.1. Bulk Storage = 249
4.5.8.2. Laboratory Storage = 250
4.5.9. Animal Food and Supply Storage = 251
4.5.9.1. Animal Food = 251
4.5.9.2. Supply Stoves = 251
4.5.9.3. Animal Carcass Storage = 252
4.6. Handling and Use of Chemicals: Laboratory Operations = 252
4.6.1. Physical Laboratory Conditions = 254
4.6.1.1. Organization of the Laboratory = 254
4.6.1.2. Eating, Studying, and Other Social Activities = 256
4.6.1.3. Maintenance = 256
4.6.1.4. Housekeeping = 258
4.6.1.5. Signs and Symbols = 260
4.6.2. Working Procedures = 264
4.6.2.1. Protection Against Explosions = 264
4.6.2.2. Corrosive Chemicals = 268
4.6.2.3. High-Energy Oxidizers = 270
4.6.2.4. Perchloric Acid = 273
4.6.2.5. Ethers = 285
4.6.2.6. Flammable Solvents = 286
4.6.2.6.1. Flammable Hazards = 287
4.6.2.7. Reactive Metals = 288
4.6.2.8. Mercury = 290
4.6.2.8.1. Control Measures = 292
4.6.2.9. Hydrofluoric Acid = 295
4.6.2.10. Hydrogen Cyanide = 99
4.6.2.11. Fluorine Gas = 302
4.6.2.12. General Safety For Hazardous Gas Research = 303
4.6.2.12.1 Some Hazardous Gases = 306
4.6.2.13. Cryogenic Safety = 314
4.6.2.14. Cold Traps = 320
4.6.2.15. Care and Use of Electrical Systems = 323
4.6.2.15.1. Electrical Shock = 324
4.6.2.15.2. Resistive Healing = 329
4.6.2.15.3. Spark Ignition Sources = 330
4.6.2.16. Glass = 332
4.6.2.16.1. Glassware = 333
4.6.2.16.2. Glassware Cleaning = 336
4.6.2.17. Distillation Units = 340
4.6.2.18. Control of Laboratory Processes = 349
4.7. Hazard Awareness (Right-to-Know) = 366
4.7.1. Basic Requirements = 367
4.7.2. Written Hazard Communication Program = 369
4.7.2.1. Personnel Lists = 370
4.7.2.2. Chemical List = 371
4.7.2.3. Labeling = 372
4.7.2.4. Material Safety Data Sheets = 373
4.7.2.5. Employee Training and Information = 375
4.8. Health Effects = 377
4.8.1. Exposure Limits = 386
4.8.2. Environmental Monitoring = 389
4.8.3. Modes of Exposure = 394
4.8.4. Health Assurance Program = 397
4.8.4.1. An Overview of Health Assurance Programs = 398
4.8.4.2. A Health Assurance Program = 408
4.8.4.2.1. Participation = 409
4.8.4.2.2. Medical and Work Histories = 411
4.8.4.2.3. Preplacement Examination = 413
4.8.4.2.4. Reexamination = 414
4.8.4.2.5. Utilization of Results = 415
4.8.4.2.6. Physician Training = 416
4.8.4.2.7. Records = 417
4.8.4.2.8. CPR and First Aid Training = 420
4.8.4.2.9. Vaccinations = 421
4.8.5. Infection from Work with Human Specimens = 422
4.8.5.1. The Liability of AIDS in the Laboratory = 422
4.8.5.2. Laboratory-Acquired Viral Hepatitis = 428
4.8.5.3. Other Disease-Causing Agents = 433
4.8.5.3.1. Zoonotic Diseases = 433
4.8.5.3.1.1. Modes of Transmission = 433
4.8.5.3.1.2. Routes of Exposure = 433
4.8.5.3.2. Allergies = 434
4.8.5.3.3. Waste Collection and Storage = 434
4.8.5.3.4. Bedding = 435
4.8.6. Pregnancy in the Laboratory = 435
4.8.7. Regulated and Potential Carcinogens = 437
4.8.7.1. Carcinogens (Ethylene Oxide) = 438
4.8.8. Neurological Hazards of Solvents = 441
4.9. Spills and Emergencies = 447
4.9.1. Small-to Moderate-Scale Spills = 447
4.9.2. Large Scale Releases of Chemicals (SARA) = 451
4.10. Chemical Wastes = 454
4.10.1. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act = 455
4.10.1.1. Definition of a Hazardous Waste = 456
4.10.1.2. Requirements for Generators of Hazardous Waste = 459
4.10.1.3. Recordkeeping Required of the Generator = 462
4.10.1.4. Personnel Training = 462
4.10.1.5. Preparedness and Prevention = 463
4.10.1.6. Contingency Plan = 463
4.10.1.7. Emergency Procedures = 464
4.10.2. Practical Hazardous Waste Management Program = 465
4.10.2.1. Internal Waste Management Organization = 465
4.10.2.2. Reduction of Hazardous Waste Volume = 466
4.10.2.3. Waste Collection = 470
4.10.2.4. Packaging = 471
4.10.2.5. Characterization of the Waste = 472
4.10.2.6. Packing of Waste for Shipment = 473
4.10.2.7. Restrictions on Wastes = 474
4.10.2.8. Shipping Waste = 476
4.10.2.9. Landfill Disposal = 477
4.10.2.10. Incineration of Hazardous Waste = 478
4.11. Laboratory Closeout Procedures = 502
Chapter 5 Nonchemical Laboratories
5.0. Introduction = 505
5.1. Radioisotope Laboratories = 505
5.1.1. Natural Radioactivity = 507
5.1.2. Basic Concepts = 508
5.1.2.1. The Atom and Types of Decay = 508
5.1.2.2. The Fission Process = 510
5.1.2.3. Radioactive Decay = 511
5.1.2.4. Units of Activity = 512
5.1.2.5. Interaction of Radiation with Matter = 512
5.1.2.6. Units of Exposure and Dose = 518
5.1.3. Licensing = 518
5.1.3.1. Radiation Safety Committees = 524
5.1.4. Radiation Protection, Discussion, and Definitions = 527
5.1.4.1. Selected Definitions = 528
5.1.5. Radiation Working Areas = 531
5.1.5.1. External Radiation Exposure Areas = 535
5.1.5.2. Areas With Possible Internal Exposures = 536
5.1.6. Material Control Procedures = 537
5.1.6.1. Ordering and Receipt of Materials = 539
5.1.7. Operations = 541
5.1.7.1. Reduction of Exposures, ALARA Program = 541
5.1.7.1.1. Selection of Radio isotopes = 542
5.1.7.1.2. Shielding = 543
5.1.7.1.3. Distance = 545
5.1.7.1.4. Time = 548
5.1.7.1.5. Quantity = 548
5.1.7.1.6. Example of Time and Distance = 548
5.1.7.1.7. Internal Dose Limiting = 549
5.1.7.1.7.1. Entry Through the Skin = 550
5.1.7.1.7.2. Ingestion = 551
5.1.7.1.7.3. Inhalation of Radioactive Materials = 551
5.1.7.1.7.4. Limitation of Dose to the Fetus = 554
5.1.7.1.7.5. Personnel Monitoring = 555
5.1.7.1.8. Methods of Monitoring Personnel Exposures = 556
5.1.7.1.9. Bioassays = 560
5.1.7.1.10. Radiation Surveys = 561
5.1.7.1.11. Measurement of Airborne Activities = 565
5.1.7.1.12. Fixed and Loose Surface Contamination = 566
5.1.7.1.13. Radioactive Waste Disposal = 573
5.1.7.1.14. Individual Rights and Responsibilities = 576
5.1.7.1.14.1. Information Requirements = 576
5.1.7.1.14.2. Monitoring Data = 577
5.1.7.1.14.3. Inspection Rights = 577
5.1.7.1.14.4. Penalties = 578
5.1.8. Radon = 579
5.1.9. Acute Radiation Syndrome = 581
5.2. X-Ray Facilities = 583
5.2.1. Generation of X-Rays = 583
5.2.2. Types of Machines = 584
5.2.2.1. Diagnostic Machines = 584
5.2.2.2. Open-Beam Analytical Machines = 591
5.2.2.3. Closed-Beam Analytical Systems = 594
5.2.2.4. Cabinet X-Ray Systems = 594
5.2.2.5. Miscellaneous Systems = 594
5.3. Nonionizing Radiation = 595
5.3.1. Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in the Frequency Range From 100 kHz to 300 GHz = 595
5.4. Laser Laboratories = 597
5.5. Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories = 607
5.5.1. Introduction = 607
5.5.2. Hazard Communication Standard = 608
5.5.3. Laboratory Director = 608
5.5.4. Miscellaneous Safety Practices = 608
5.5.4.1. Laboratory Line of Authority = 608
5.5.4.2. Spills and Emergencies Involving Chemically Dangerous Materials = 608
5.5.4.3. Emergency Equipment for Nonbiohazardous Spills = 609
5.5.4.4. Evacuation = 609
5.5.5. Accidents and Spills of Biohazardous Materials = 609
5.5.6. Generation of Aerosols = 611
5.5.7. Infectious Waste = 611
5.5.8. Laboratory Facilities―Design and Equipment = 612
5.5.9. Biosafety Levels = 613
5.5.9.1. Biosafety Level 1 = 613
5.5.9.2. Biosafety Level 2 = 614
5.5.9.3. Biosafety Level 3 = 617
5.5.9.4. Biosafety Level 4 = 620
5.5.10. Recommended Biosafety Levels = 624
5.5.10.1. Agent Summaries = 625
5.5.10.2. Importation and Interstate Shipment of Human Pathogens and Related Maierials = 632
5.6. Recombinant DNA Laboratories = 634
5.6.1. Definition of Recombinant DNA Molecules = 634
5.6.2. General Applicability = 635
5.6.3. Containment = 635
5.6.4. Guidelines in Covered Experiments = 635
5.6.4.1 III.A. Experiments that Require RAC Review, NIH Review, and NIH and IBC Approval Before Initiation = 636
5.6.4.2. III.B. Experiments that Require IBC Approval Before Initiation = 636
5.6.4.2.1. III.B.1. Experiments Using Human or Animal Pathogens (Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, or Class 5 Agents as Host-Vector Systems) = 637
5.6.4.2.2. Experiments in which DNA from Human or Animal Pathogens (Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, or Class 5 Agents) is Cloned in Nonpathogenic Prokaryotic or Lower Eukaryotic Host-Vector Systems = 637
5.6.4.2.3. III.B.3. Experiments Involving the Use of Infectious Animal or Plant DNA or RNA Viruses or Defective Animal or Plant DNA or RNA Viruses in the Presence of Helper Virus in Tissue Culture Systems = 637
5.6.4.2.4. III.B.4. Recombinant DNA Experiments Involving Whole Animals or Plants = 638
5.6.4.2.5. Experiments Involving More than 10 Liters of Culture = 638
5.6.4.3. III.C. Experiments that Requirel IBC Notice Simultaneously with Initiation of Experiments = 638
5.6.4.4. III.D. Exempt Experiments = 639
5.6.5. Roles and Responsibilities = 639
5.6.5.1. IV.A. Policy = 639
5.6.5.2. IV.B. Responsibility of the Institution = 640
5.6.5.2.1. IV.B.1. General Information = 640
5.6.5.2.2. IV.B.2. Membership and Procedures of the IBC = 640
5.6.5.2.3. IV.B.3. Functions of the IBC = 641
5.6.5.2.4. IV.B.4. Biological Safety Officer = 642
5.6.5.2.5. IV.B.5. Principal Investigator (PI) = 642
5.6.5.3. IV.D. Compliance = 644
5.6.5.4. Selected Portions of Section VI. Voluntary Compliance = 644
5.6.6. Appendices = 646
5.6.6.1. Appendix A. Exemptions Under Section III.D.4 = 646
5.6.6.2. Appendix B. Classification of Microrganisms on the Basis of Hazard = 647
5.6.6.3. Appendix C. Exemptions Under Section III.D.5 = 652
5.6.6.4. Appendix D. Actions Taken Under the Guidelines = 654
5.6.6.5. Appendix E. Certified Host-Vector Systems = 654
5.6.6.6. Appendix F. Containment Conditions for Cloning of Genes Coding for the Biosynthesis of Molecules Toxic for Vertebrates = 655
5.6.6.7. Physical Containment = 656
5.6.6.8. Appendix H. Shipment = 657
5.6.6.9. Appendix I. Biological Containment = 657
5.6.6.10. Appendix K. Physical Containment for Lurge-Scale Uses of Organisms Containing Recombinant DNA Molecules = 659
5.6.6.11. Appendix L. Release Into the Environment of Certain Plants = 660
5.7. Research: Animal Care and Handling = 662
5.7.1. Introduction = 662
5.7.2. Laws and Regulations Relating to Animal Care and Use = 663
5.5.2.1. Animal Welfare Act = 663
5.7.2.2. The Good Laboratory Practices Act = 664
5.7.2.3. The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals = 664
5.7.2.4. Public Health Service Policies = 665
5.7.2.5. Voluntary Regulations = 665
5.7.3. Personnel = 666
5.7.4. Animal Holding Facilities = 666
5.7.5. Animal Care and Handling = 667
5.7.6. Human Health Monitoring = 667
Chapter 6 Personal Protective Equipment
6.0. Introduction = 669
6.1. Respiratory Protection = 669
6.1.1. "Dust" Masks = 671
6.1.2. Half-Face Cartridge Respirators = 671
6.1.3. Fun-Face Respirators = 674
6.1.4. Air-Supplied Respirators = 674
6.2. Eye Protection = 676
6.2.1. Contact Lenses = 676
6.2.2. Chemical Splash Goggles = 676
6.2.3. Safely Spectacles = 678
6.3. Materials for Protective Apparel = 678
6.3.1. Recommended Information Sources = 678
6.3.2. Overview of Chemical Protective Clothing = 679
6.4. Hearing Protection = 684
6.5. First Aid Kits = 686
Appendix: Laboratory Checklist = 687
Index = 689

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