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      제1차 세계대전 시기 러시아 농촌과 ‘금주법’ = The Dry Law in the Rural Russia during World War I

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      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

      When World War I broke out, the Russian government banned liquor sales for efficient military mobilization. On August 22, 1914, Emperor Nicolas II extended the ban on vodka until the end of the war. Under the October 13 law, whether to prohibit the sale of other liquor was subject to the local self-government's decision. This system of abstinence, especially the ban on vodka, was based on the belief that the Tsar should protect peasants from intoxication and the resulting economic bankruptcy.
      Most Russian peasants adapted relatively easily, accepting a ban on vodka sale in the patriotic atmosphere of Russian society. In early period of the war, Russian peasants used their money saved to buy goods to improve their lives and agriculture. In addition, they not only faithfully paid their various taxes and public payments, but they also paid off their debts and saved a lot of money in banks. The fact that Russian peasants bought a number of “goods” suggests that these goods could fill some voids of state vodka in urban-rural trade. Peasants also continued to sell certain grains to the market for various taxes, public payments, debt repayments and savings. Thus, linking the ban on vodka directly to the food crisis and the resulting mass revolution in the major cities is an over-the-top logical leap. At the same time, Russian peasants were affected by changes in the overall social atmosphere. As a result, the early patriotic atmosphere gradually subsided, the government’s and even the emperor's authority was tarnished, and the moral guilt of the peasants for violating the dry law must have been reduced.
      In fact, it was virtually impossible to force Russian peasants to abstain from drinking for a long time. In rural areas, however, there were fewer violations of dry law than in cities, and Russian peasants drank different kinds of alcoholic beverages. They preferred moonshine, which spread rapidly in Siberia, Belorussia, and Ural areas from the late 1915. In some areas moonshine industry developed beyond the control of the police by the February Revolution. On the other hand, the production of moonshine was less developed in central and northern European Russia. With this regional difference, the production of moonshine had continued to spread in rural Russia since 1915, which led to a rapid increase in the number of cases caught by authorities. It means that the local authorities had been fighting hard to curb the spread of moonshine. Therefore, as the activities of authorities diminished after the February revolution, the violations of the dry law became more serious and frequent.
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      When World War I broke out, the Russian government banned liquor sales for efficient military mobilization. On August 22, 1914, Emperor Nicolas II extended the ban on vodka until the end of the war. Under the October 13 law, whether to prohibit the sa...

      When World War I broke out, the Russian government banned liquor sales for efficient military mobilization. On August 22, 1914, Emperor Nicolas II extended the ban on vodka until the end of the war. Under the October 13 law, whether to prohibit the sale of other liquor was subject to the local self-government's decision. This system of abstinence, especially the ban on vodka, was based on the belief that the Tsar should protect peasants from intoxication and the resulting economic bankruptcy.
      Most Russian peasants adapted relatively easily, accepting a ban on vodka sale in the patriotic atmosphere of Russian society. In early period of the war, Russian peasants used their money saved to buy goods to improve their lives and agriculture. In addition, they not only faithfully paid their various taxes and public payments, but they also paid off their debts and saved a lot of money in banks. The fact that Russian peasants bought a number of “goods” suggests that these goods could fill some voids of state vodka in urban-rural trade. Peasants also continued to sell certain grains to the market for various taxes, public payments, debt repayments and savings. Thus, linking the ban on vodka directly to the food crisis and the resulting mass revolution in the major cities is an over-the-top logical leap. At the same time, Russian peasants were affected by changes in the overall social atmosphere. As a result, the early patriotic atmosphere gradually subsided, the government’s and even the emperor's authority was tarnished, and the moral guilt of the peasants for violating the dry law must have been reduced.
      In fact, it was virtually impossible to force Russian peasants to abstain from drinking for a long time. In rural areas, however, there were fewer violations of dry law than in cities, and Russian peasants drank different kinds of alcoholic beverages. They preferred moonshine, which spread rapidly in Siberia, Belorussia, and Ural areas from the late 1915. In some areas moonshine industry developed beyond the control of the police by the February Revolution. On the other hand, the production of moonshine was less developed in central and northern European Russia. With this regional difference, the production of moonshine had continued to spread in rural Russia since 1915, which led to a rapid increase in the number of cases caught by authorities. It means that the local authorities had been fighting hard to curb the spread of moonshine. Therefore, as the activities of authorities diminished after the February revolution, the violations of the dry law became more serious and frequent.

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      참고문헌 (Reference)

      1 П. А. Кропоткин, "크로포트킨 자서전" 우물이 있는 집 94-, 2014

      2 박상철, "제1차 세계대전과 러시아 금주법의 도입" 호남사학회 (72) : 311-341, 2018

      3 박상철, "러시아 금주법의 도입"

      4 О. А. Чагадаева, "‘Сухой закон’ в Российской империи в годы первой мировой войны (по материалам Петрограда и Москвы)" 모스크바 국립대학교 2013

      5 А. И. Кузнецов, "‘Алкогольный вопрос’ в сибирской деревне 1920-х гг" 노보시비르스크 국립대학교 2005

      6 Мак-Ки, "Сухой закон"

      7 Б. Н. Миронов, "Социальная история России периода империи (XVIII-начало XX в.) vol. 1" 457-458, 2003

      8 Миронов, "Социальная история"

      9 А. Мак-Ки, "Россия и первая мировая война" 147-159, 1999

      10 "Россия в мировой войне, 1914-1918 года (в цифрах)" 17-, 1925

      1 П. А. Кропоткин, "크로포트킨 자서전" 우물이 있는 집 94-, 2014

      2 박상철, "제1차 세계대전과 러시아 금주법의 도입" 호남사학회 (72) : 311-341, 2018

      3 박상철, "러시아 금주법의 도입"

      4 О. А. Чагадаева, "‘Сухой закон’ в Российской империи в годы первой мировой войны (по материалам Петрограда и Москвы)" 모스크바 국립대학교 2013

      5 А. И. Кузнецов, "‘Алкогольный вопрос’ в сибирской деревне 1920-х гг" 노보시비르스크 국립대학교 2005

      6 Мак-Ки, "Сухой закон"

      7 Б. Н. Миронов, "Социальная история России периода империи (XVIII-начало XX в.) vol. 1" 457-458, 2003

      8 Миронов, "Социальная история"

      9 А. Мак-Ки, "Россия и первая мировая война" 147-159, 1999

      10 "Россия в мировой войне, 1914-1918 года (в цифрах)" 17-, 1925

      11 "Последняя война Российской империи, Тульский край в первой мировой войне 1914-1918 гг" 215-, 2014

      12 В. В. Крайкин, "Первая мировая война в сознании провинциальных обывателей (июль 1914-сентябрь 1915 гг., по материалам Орловской губернии)" 3 (3): 75-, 2009

      13 Крайкин, "Первая мировая война"

      14 И. Н. Введенский, "Опыт принудительной трезвости" 26-28, 1915

      15 Введенский, "Опыт принудительной трезвости" 27-28,

      16 Министрство финансов, "О влиянии войны на некоторые стороны экономической жизни России" 1916

      17 В. И. Биншток, "Народное питание и народное здравие в войну 1914-1918 гг" 48-, 1929

      18 А. И. Фаресов, "Народ без водки: Путевые очерки" 29-, 1916

      19 Н. Верт, "История советского государства. 1900-1991 гг" 62-63, 1992

      20 Д. Н. Воронов, "Жизнь деревни в дни трезвости" 32-, 1916

      21 Воронов, "Жизнь деревни" 21-,

      22 М. А. Давыдов, "Доказательство от противного: первые 9 месяцев сухого закона 1914 г. и благосостояние населения России" 2 (2): 227-, 2014

      23 Давыдов, "Доказательство от противного" 219-,

      24 М. Д. Карпачев, "Движение за народную трезвость в Воронежской губернии в начале XX в" (9) : 95-96, 2010

      25 С. В. Букалова, "Государственная политика трезвости в годы первой мировой войны" (3) : 22-, 2014

      26 П. Л. Барк, "Воспоминания последнего министра финансов Российской империи vol. 1" 130-, 2017

      27 Вл. Денисов, "Война и лубок" 3-, 1916

      28 Н. А. Розинская, "Влияние сухого закона на благосостояние населения во время первой мировой войны" 3 (3): 32-, 2014

      29 С. Н. Блиняев, "Введение сухого закона в Казанской губернии в годы пенвой мировой войны, Ученые записки Казанского университета" 160 (160): 671-, 2018

      30 А. С. Шилина, "Борьба с самогоноварением в Енисейской губернии во время первой мировой войны" 9 (9): 260-, 2012

      31 Шилина, "Борьба с самогоноварением" 261-,

      32 Е. В. Пашков, "Антиалкогольная кампания в Рязанской губернии в 1914-1917 гг" (166) : 20-21, 1917

      33 Пашков, "Антиалкогольная кампания в Рязанской губернии" 22-,

      34 Е. В. Пашков, "Антиалкогольная кампания в России в годы первой мировой войны" (10) : 80-83, 2010

      35 А. Г. Быкова, "Алкогольный вопрос в Российской империи во второй половине XIX-начале XX века" 옴스크 국립사범대학 2012

      36 Кузнецов, "Алкогольный вопрос"

      37 Быкова, "Алкогольный вопрос"

      38 Д. Воронов, "Алкоголь в современном быту" 38-, 1930

      39 Воронов, "Алкоголь в современном быту"

      40 П. П. Щербинин, "Алкоголь в повседневной жизни российской провинции в период Первой мировой войны 1914-1918 годов" (2) : 63-64, 2003

      41 Щербинин, "Алкоголь в повседневной жизни"

      42 И. Д. Страшун, "Алкоголизм как научная и бытовая проблема" 168-169, 1928

      43 Д. Н. Воронов, "Алкоголизм в городе и деревне в связи с бытом населения: Обследование потребления вина в Пензенской губернии в 1912 году" 45-, 1913

      44 M. L. Schrad, "Vodka Politics: Alcohol, Autocracy, and the Secret History of the Russian State" 188-, 2014

      45 Schrad, "Vodka Politics" 187-188,

      46 N. Cornish, "The Russian Army, 1914-1918" 11-, 2001

      47 John Hodgson, "The Alcoholic Empire: Vodka and Politics in Late Imperial Russia" 152-, 2002

      48 J. Y. Simpson, "Some notes on the state sale monopoly and subsequent prohibition of vodka in Russia" 61-, 1918

      49 Gatrell, "Russia’s First World War" 267-,

      50 B. M. Segal, "Russian Drinking: Use and Abuse of Alcohol in Pre-Revolutionary Russia" 119-, 1987

      51 M. Friedman, "Russia: Its Trade and Commerce" 432-, 1918

      52 P. Gatrell, "Russia's First World War: A Social and Economic History" 244-245, 2005

      53 Kimitaka Matsuzato, "Emerging Democracy in Late Imperial Russia" 244-, 1998

      54 Dmitry Shlapentokh, "Drunkenness in the Context of Political Culture: The Case of Russian Revolutions" 14 (14): 38-, 1994

      55 J. Hessler, "A Social History of Soviet Trade" 22-, 2004

      56 배소영, "19세기 말 러시아 전제정과 주류독점제" 호남사학회 (48) : 247-274, 2012

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      연월일 이력구분 이력상세 등재구분
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      기준연도 WOS-KCI 통합IF(2년) KCIF(2년) KCIF(3년)
      2016 0.2 0.2 0.23
      KCIF(4년) KCIF(5년) 중심성지수(3년) 즉시성지수
      0.19 0.2 0.681 0.18
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