Introduction to educational research

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• CHAPTER 1. THE UNDERLYING TENETS OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH = 1
• Chapter 1 Information Organizer = 1
• Introduction and Intended Learnings = 1
• Seeking Answers to Questions = 3
• Science and the Scientific Method = 4
• Science = 4
• The Scientific Method = 4
• The Meaning of Research = 5
• The Process of Educational Research = 6
• Guiding Principles of Educational Research = 8
• Legal Ptinciples = 8
• Ethical Principles = 10
• Philosophical Principles = 11
• Procedural Principles = 13
• Chapter Summary = 16
• Your Current Status = 17
• Activities for Thought and Discussion = 17
• Answers to Chapter Exercises = 18
• References and Recommended Readings = 18
• CHAPTER 2. EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND ITS SOURCES OF DATA = 19
• Chapter 2 Information Organizer = 19
• Introduction and Intended Learnings = 20
• Types of Educational Research = 20
• Types of Research Differentiated by Practicality = 20
• Types of Research Defined by Methodology = 21
• Types of Research Defined by Questions Asked = 22
• Types and Requirements of Research Data = 26
• Cautions Regarding Data = 27
• Additional Research Terminology and Concerns = 28
• Subjects and Samples = 28
• Variables = 29
• Types of Variables = 29
• Confounding Variables = 30
• Controlling the Effects of Confounding Variables = 30
• Research Data and Its Sources = 31
• Sources of Data = 32
• Procedures for Collecting Data = 33
• Chapter Summary = 35
• Your Current Status = 35
• Activities for Thought and Discussion = 36
• Answers to Chapter Exercises = 37
• References and Recommended Readings = 37
• CHAPTER 3. SELECTING, REFINING, AND PROPOSING A TOPIC FOR RESEARCH = 39
• Chapter 3 Information Organizer = 39
• Introduction and Intended Learnings = 40
• Where to Find Good Research Topics = 40
• Topics for Teachers = 41
• Topics for Administrators = 42
• Considerations and Cautions in Selecting Topics = 43
• Refining the Research Topic = 45
• Some Essential Terminology = 45
• Regulating the Size of Research Topics = 50
• Foreseeing Research Steps = 51
• Foreseeing the Report Format = 51
• The Value of Conventional Procedures and Report = 52
• Refining the Topic: Two Illustrative Cases = 53
• Preparing a Research Proposal = 56
• Chapter Summary = 58
• Your Current Status = 59
• Activities for Thought and Discussion = 59
• Answers to Chapter Exercises = 59
• References and Recommended Readings = 60
• CHARTER 4. LOCATING PUBLISHED RESEARCH = 62
• Chapter 4 Information Organizer = 62
• Introduction and Intended Learnings = 62
• Secondary Sources and Primary Source Directories = 63
• Secondary Sources in the Library = 63
• Locating Secondaty Sources = 66
• Directories for Locating Primaiy Sources = 66
• The ERIC Materials = 67
• Abstracts Publications = 68
• Social Science Citation Index = 68
• Digest of Educational Statistics = 69
• Locating Primary Sources = 69
• The Manual Search = 70
• The Computer Search = 71
• A Purposeful Visit to the Library = 73
• Chapter Summary = 74
• Your Current Status = 74
• Activities for Thought and Discussion = 75
• Answers to Chapter Exercises = 75
• References and Recommended Readings = 75
• CHAPTER 5. INTERPRETING AND SUMMARIZING PUBLISHED RESEARCH = 76
• Chapter 5 Information Organizer = 76
• Introduction and Intended Learnings = 77
• Reading Research Reports = 77
• Skimming the Information = 77
• Summarizing the Articles = 78
• Interpreting the Statistical Information You Encounter = 80
• Status Reports = 81
• Comparison Reports = 84
• Correlational Reports = 87
• More about Significance = 89
• Chapter Summary = 90
• Your Current Status = 91
• Activities for Thought and Discussion = 91
• Answers to Chapter Exercises = 91
• References and Recommended Readings = 92
• CHAPTER 6. PROCEDURES AND TOOLS FOR GATHERING DATA = 93
• Chapter 6 Information Organizer = 93
• Introduction and Intended Learnings = 94
• Types of Research and Their Typical Focuses = 94
• Types of Data Needed = 94
• Sources of Data for Various Types of Research = 95
• Samples and Their Selection = 96
• Are Samples Necessary in Research? = 96
• Can Small Samples Represent Large Populations? = 97
• Probability Sampling = 97
• Nonprobability Sampling = 98
• Size of Samples = 98
• Relationship among Research Focus, Data, Source, and Sample = 99
• Vahdity and Reliability in Data Collection = 101
• Validity of Data = 101
• Validity of Quantitative Data = 101
• Validity of Qualitative Data = 102
• Reliability in Data Collection = 102
• Reliability of Quantitative Data = 102
• Reliability of Qualitative Data = 103
• Procedures in Data Collection = 103
• Notation = 103
• Description = 104
• Analysis = 105
• Questioning = 106
• Testing = 109
• Measurement = 110
• Relationships between Types of Research and Data Collection = 111
• Relationships among Procedures, Tools, and Formats = 111
• A Composite of Research Types and Data Collection Procedures = 112
• Data Collection Profiles = 112
• Chapter Summary = 114
• Your Current Status = 114
• Activities for Thought and Discussion = 114
• Answers to Chapter Exercises = 115
• References and Recommended Readings = 115
• CHAPTER 7. THE ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH DATA = 117
• Chapter 7 Information Organizer = 117
• Introduction and Intended Learnings = 118
• Qualitative Data and Quantitative Data = 118
• A Qualitative Example = 118
• A Quantitative Example = 119
• Analyzing Ethnographic Data = 120
• Cautions and Reminders in Qualitative Data Analysis = 123
• Analyzing Quantitative Data = 123
• Populations and Parameters; Samples and Statistics = 124
• What Statistics Are Used For = 124
• Parametric Statistics and Nonpayametric Statistics = 125
• Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics = 126
• The Application of Descriptive Statistics = 127
• Typicality-Central Tendency = 127
• Dispersion of Measures = 127
• Mean, Standard Deviation, and the Normal Curve = 129
• Relative Standings Derived from the Normal Curve = 130
• Other Relative Standings = 132
• Relationships-Correlations = 132
• Applying Inferential Statistics = 134
• Standard Error and Error Margins = 134
• Tests of Significance = 136
• Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ Errors = 139
• Chi-square-Its Use and Interpretation = 139
• Cautions in Using Statistics = 142
• Chapter Summary = 142
• Your Current Status = 142
• Activities for Thought and Discussion = 143
• Answers to Chapter Exercises = 145
• References and Recommended Readings = 145
• CHAPTER 8. CONDUCTING ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH = 146
• Chapter 8 Information Organizer = 146
• Introduction and Intended Learnings = 147
• The Commonalities of All Research = 147
• Nature of Ethnographic Research = 148
• Topics in Ethnographic Research = 148
• Procedures in Ethnographic Research = 149
• The Richness of Ethnographic Research = 150
• Strengths and Concerns in Ethnographic Research = 151
• An Ethnographic Research Report = 152
• What Students Say about Motivating Experiences in a Whole Language Classroom = 152
• A Second Example of Ethnographic Research = 161
• "I Wouldn't Want to Shoot Nobody": The Out-of-School Curriculum as Described by Urban Students = 162
• Organizing for Ethnographic Research = 168
• Chapter Summary = 169
• Your Current Status = 169
• Activities for Thought and Discussion = 169
• Answers to Chapter Exercises = 170
• References and Recommended Readings = 170
• CHAPTER 9. CONDUCTING DESCRIPTIVE AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH = 171
• Chapter 9 Information Organizer = 171
• Introduction and Intended Learnings = 171
• The Nature of Descriptive and Historical Research = 172
• Purpose = 172
• Hypotheses and Questions = 172
• Data Sources and Collection = 172
• Tools = 175
• Treatment and Analysis of Data = 176
• An Example of a Descriptive Research Report = 177
• Kindergarten Students' Awareness of Reading at Home and in School = 177
• An Example of a Historical Research Report = 187
• An A Is Not an A Is Not an A: A History of Grading = 188
• Organizing for Descriptive and Historical Research = 191
• Chapter Summary = 192
• Your Current Status = 192
• Activities for Thought and Discussion = 192
• Answers to Chapter Exercises = 193
• References and Recommended Readings = 193
• CHAPTER 10. CONDUCTING CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH = 194
• Chapter 10 Information Organizer = 194
• Introduction and Intended Learnings = 194
• Weather, Chaos Theory, and the Process of Education = 195
• The Nature of Correlational Research = 196
• Purpose = 196
• Cautions Concerning Cause and Effect = 197
• Topics for Correlational Research = 197
• Hypotheses and Questions = 197
• Correlational Research Design = 198
• Data Sources and Collection = 199
• What Can Be Correlated, and How = 200
• Multivariate Correlations = 201
• A Sample Correlational Research Report = 201
• Professional Self-Concept as a Predictor of Teacher Burnout = 202
• Organizing for Correlational Research = 212
• The Topic for the Following Exercises = 212
• Selecting the Variables = 213
• Stating Questions or Hypotheses = 214
• Assessing and Quantifying the Variables = 214
• The Sample = 215
• Data Collection = 215
• Data Analysis = 215
• Chapter Summary = 216
• Your Current Status = 216
• Activities for Thought and Discussion = 217
• Answers to Chapter Exercises = 218
• References and Recommended Readings = 218
• CHAPTER 11. CONDUCTING ACTION RESEARCH AND EVALUATION RESEARCH = 219
• Chapter 11 Information Organizer = 219
• Introduction and Intended Learnings = 220
• Action Research = 220
• The Action Research Process = 223
• A Published Action Research Report = 225
• Designing an Authentic Assessment = 226
• Review of Action Research = 229
• Planning Action Research = 229
• Strengths and Cautions = 231
• Evaluation Research = 232
• Evaluating Methods, Materials, and Programs = 232
• A Published Report of Evaluation Research = 234
• Class Size Does Make a Difference = 234
• Organizing for Evaluation Research = 238
• Chapter Summary = 240
• Your Current Status = 241
• Activities for Thought and Discussion = 241
• Answers to Chapter Exercises = 243
• References and Recommended Readings = 243
• CHAPTER 12. CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTAL, QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL, AND CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH = 244
• Chapter 12 Information Organizer = 244
• Introduction and Intended Learnings = 245
• The Search for Causation = 245
• Experimental Research = 246
• Quasi-Experimental Research = 246
• Causal-Comparative Research = 246
• Fundamentals of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research = 247
• Cause and Effect = 247
• Random Selection and Assignment = 247
• Use of Experimental Research = 247
• Experimental Designs = 248
• Quasi-Experimental Designs = 251
• The Commonality of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs = 251
• Threats to Internal and External Validity = 252
• An Example of an Experimental Study = 253
• The Development of a Positive Self-concept in Preservice Teachers = 254
• Causal-Comparative Research = 259
• The Nature of Causal-Comparative Research = 259
• Conducting Causal-Comparative Research = 261
• An Example of a Causal-Comparative Study = 262
• The Relation of Gender and Academic Achievement to Career Self-efficacy and Interests = 263
• Chapter Summary = 270
• Your Current Status = 270
• Activities for Thought and Discussion = 271
• Answers to Chapter Exercises = 271
• References and Recommended Readings = 271
• CHAPTER 13. DESIGNING A RESEARCH PROJECT = 273
• Chapter 13 Information Organizer = 273
• Introduction and Intended Learnings = 273
• How Planning Should Be Done = 274
• The Approach Taken in This Book = 275
• Seven Planning Phases = 275
• A Case Example of Planning a Research Project = 288
• Appraisal of Holly's Plan = 290
• Chapter Summary = 291
• Your Current Status = 294
• Activity for Thought and Discussion = 294
• References and Recommended Readings = 294
• CHAPTER 14. PREPARING A RESEARCH REPORT = 295
• Chapter 14 Information Organizer = 295
• Introduction and Intended Learnings = 296
• Conventions of Style = 296
• Title = 296
• Person and Voice = 297
• Tense = 297
• Tentative and Definite Statements = 298
• Simplicity of Language = 298
• Consistency = 298
• Major Sections of Research Reports = 299
• Introduction = 299
• Review of Related Literature = 300
• Procedures or Method = 302
• Findings or Results = 303
• Conclusions or Discussion = 305
• Front and Back Material = 306
• Style Guides = 306
• A Composite Outline of Report Formats and Conventions = 307
• Sample Pages = 308
• For Research Reports and Journal Articles = 308
• For Master's Theses = 310
• For a Thesis That Reports Action Research and Development = 310
• The Problem = 312
• Definition of Terms = 312
• Delimitations = 312
• Thesis Format for Other Types of Research = 314
• Chapter Summary = 316
• Your Current Status = 316
• Answers to Chapter Exercises = 317
• Glossary = 319
• Index = 327