19세기 독일대학, 나치시기 독일어권 망명학자 그리고 미국대학의 성장 = German Universities in 19th Century, German-spoken Scholars in Nazi-era and the Growth of American Research Universities

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 세계 수준의 연구중심대학으로 고등교육의 세계적 흐름을 주도하고 있는 미국대학의 성장배경을 19세기 독일대학과 20세기 나치시기 미국 망명 독일학자들의 영향에서 찾아보고자 한 것이다. 빌헬름 폰 훔볼트의 대학이념과 개혁에 힘입어 새롭게 단장한 19세기 독일대학들은 학문적 명성과 과학의 우수성으로 많은 미국지식인들의 선망의 대상이 되었다. 그 당시 독일대학에서 유학한 많은 미국지식인들은 고국으로 돌아와 독일대학의 이념을 미국적인 연구중심대학으로 탈바꿈시켰다. 그 전형이 바로 대학원 중심 연구대학으로 새롭게 문을 연 존스 홉킨스 대학이다. 독일대학의 전성기는 히틀러 등장 이후 막을 내리고, 나치 박해를 피해 미국으로 망명한 독일어권 지식인들이 미국대학과 학문의 발전에 다시금 결정적인 기여를 하게 되었다. 미국대학의 학과에 소속되거나 다양한 연구소를 설립하여 활동을 펼치면서 망명학자들은 물리학, 생물학과 같은 자연과학 분야는 물론 철학, 심리학, 사회학과 같은 인문·사회과학 분야에서도 탁월한 족적을 남겼다. 역사적 아이러니 중의 하나는 19세기 독일대학을 전형으로 미국의 연구중심대학이 탄생하였음에도 불구하고, 21세기 독일연방정부의 대학개혁 화두는 어떻게 미국의 ‘하버드’와 같은‘엘리트 대학’을 창출할 것인가에 관심이 쏠려 있다는 사실이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aims to inquire the growth of American research universities based on the impacts of the German universities in the 19th century and the refugee scholars from Germany in the 20th Nazi dictatorship.
After the educational reform initiated by Wilhelm von Humboldt, the academic reputation and scientific excellence of the German universities in the 19th century lured plenty of American students to German universities. Those American intellectuals who studied in Germany launched American research universities affected by the idea of German universities. Johns Hopkins pioneered the concept of the modern research university in the United States and influenced most of leading American research universities such as Harvard, Yale, Cornell and Chicago.
Ironically, American universities had another chance to flourish, as German refugee scholars escaping from Nazi oppression emigrated to America and made a profound impact on American science and higher learning. They left a significant mark not only in natural sciences like physics and molecular biology but also in social sciences such as psychology and sociology. Majority of them was appointed to the faculty members of leading universities and they created new research institutes featured by the Institute for Advanced Study, the New School for Social Research and the Institute for Social Research.
Although American research universities were originated and shaped from the German model, one of the historical irony is that the current German reform of higher education so called ‘brain up’ policy entirely aims to create ‘elite universities’ like Harvard.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• <요약>
• Ⅰ. 들어가는 말
• Ⅱ. 19세기 독일대학과 미국 연구중심대학의 정립
• Ⅲ. 20세기 나치시대 망명 독일지식인과 미국학문의 성장
• Ⅳ. 맺는 말
• 참고문헌

참고문헌 (Reference)

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