Research design in counseling

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PART ONE PHILOSOPHICAL, ETHICAL, AND TRAINING ISSUES = 1
• CHAPTER 1. SCIENCE AND TRAINING IN COUNSELING = 3
• The Role of Science in Counseling = 4
• Science as a Way of Knowing = 5
• Science as Applied to Human Behavior = 6
• A Philosophy of Science for the Counseling Profession = 8
• The Importance of a Scientific Approach = 13
• Training in Counseling = 13
• The Scientist-Practitioner Model = 14
• The Need to Broaden Scientific Training = 18
• Students' Typical Reactions to Scientific Training = 22
• Summary and Conclusions = 28
• CHAPTER 2. IDENTIFYING AND OPERATIONALIZING RESEARCH TOPICS = 31
• Identifying Research Topics = 31
• Specifying Research Questions and Hypotheses = 35
• Formulating Operational Definitions = 39
• Identifying Research Variables = 40
• Collecting and Analyzing Data = 41
• Summary and Conclusions = 41
• CHAPTER 3. CHOOSING RESEARCH DESIGNS = 43
• Scientific Inquiry and Research Design = 43
• What Is the Best Design? = 44
• A Classification of Research Designs = 45
• Descriptive Laboratory Studies = 47
• Descriptive Field Studies = 48
• Experimental Laboratory Studies = 50
• Experimental Field Studies = 51
• On Choosing a Research Design = 51
• Summary and Conclusions = 54
• CHAPTER 4. VALIDITY ISSUES IN RESEARCH DESIGN = 56
• Four Types of Validity and the Threats to Each = 56
• Overview of the Types of Validity = 57
• Threats to Statistical Conclusion Validity = 59
• Threats to Internal Validity = 63
• Threats to Construct Validity of Putative Causes and Effects = 71
• Threats to External Validity = 75
• Summary and Conclusions = 77
• CHAPTER 5. ETHICAL ISSUES IN COUNSELING RESEARCH = 79
• Fundamental Ethical Principles = 80
• Nonmaleficence = 80
• Beneficence = 81
• Autonomy = 82
• Justice = 82
• Fidelity = 82
• Virtue Ethics = 83
• Ethical Issues Related to Scholarly Work = 83
• Execution of the Research Study = 84
• Reporting the Results = 85
• Duplicate and Piecemeal Publication = 87
• Publication Credit = 88
• Plagiarism = 92
• Ethical Issues Related to Participants = 93
• Risks and Benefits = 95
• Consent = 98
• Deception and Debriefing = 101
• Confidentiality and Privacy = 103
• Treatment Issues = 106
• Responding to Ethical Dilemmas = 107
• Summary and Conclusions = 108
• PART TWO MAJOR RESEARCH DESIGNS = 119
• CHAPTER 6. BETWEEN-GROUPS AND WITHIN-SUBJECTS DESIGNS = 121
• Between-Groups Designs = 122
• Historical Perspective = 122
• Three Common Experimental Between-Groups Designs = 123
• Use of Control Groups = 133
• Factorial Designs = 135
• Participant Assignment = 138
• Dependent Samples Designs = 140
• Within-Subjects Designs = 142
• Crossover Designs = 143
• Latin Square Designs = 144
• Strengths and Limitations = 145
• Summary and Conclusions = 148
• CHAPTER 7. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL AND TIME-SERIES DESIGNS = 151
• Quasi-Experimental Designs = 152
• Historical Perspective and Overview = 154
• Nonequivalent-Groups Designs = 155
• Cohort Designs = 161
• Time-Series Designs = 164
• Simple Interrupted Time Series = 165
• Analysis of Concomitance in Time Series = 169
• Summary and Conclusions = 171
• CHAPTER 8. SINGLE-SUBJECT DESIGNS = 173
• A Historical Perspective of Single-Subject Designs = 175
• Single-Case Quantitative Designs = 176
• Single-Case Experimental Designs = 180
• Common Features of Single-Case Experimental Designs = 180
• AB Time-Series Designs = 181
• Multiple-Baseline Designs = 188
• Advantages and Limitations of Single-Subject Designs = 190
• Advantages = 190
• Limitations = 196
• Summary and Conclusions = 197
• CHAPTER 9. QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE DESIGNS = 200
• Survey or Epidemiological Research Designs = 201
• Design Issues in Surveys = 204
• An Example of Survey Research = 206
• Classification or Data Reduction Research Designs = 208
• Factor Analysis = 209
• Cluster Analysis = 217
• Passive Research Designs = 220
• Ex Post Facto Designs = 222
• Multiple Regression = 225
• Summary and Conclusions = 232
• CHAPTER 10. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH = 235
• Worldviews of Research = 236
• Positivism = 236
• Postpositivism = 237
• Constructivism = 238
• Critical Theory = 240
• Aspects of Qualitative Research = 241
• Reality = 241
• Representation of the World = 243
• Domain Knowledge and Theory = 244
• Intellectual Bases = 245
• Level of Inquiry = 245
• Role of the Investigator = 246
• Role of Subjects／Participants = 247
• Generalizability = 247
• Bias = 248
• Validity = 249
• Reliability = 251
• Product = 251
• Audience = 251
• Control = 252
• Goals of Study = 252
• Researcher's Voice = 253
• Power Structure = 253
• Primary Tasks in Qualitative Research = 253
• Gathering Data = 254
• Analyzing and Presenting Data = 263
• Summary and Conclusions = 266
• PART THREE METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES = 267
• CHAPTER 11. DESIGNING AND EVALUATING THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE = 269
• Operationalizing the Independent Variable = 270
• Determining Conditions = 270
• Adequately Reflecting the Constructs of Interest = 271
• Limiting Differences Between Conditions = 271
• Establishing Salience of Differences in Conditions = 273
• Manipulation Checks = 274
• Interpreting Results = 275
• Statistically Significant Results = 276
• Statistically Nonsignificant Results = 277
• Status Variables = 278
• Summary and Conclusions = 280
• CHAPTER 12. DESIGNING OR CHOOSING THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE = 282
• Operationalizing the Dependent Variable = 283
• Psychometric Issues = 283
• Reactivity = 302
• Procedural Considerations = 302
• Methods of Data Collection = 303
• Self-Reports = 303
• Ratings of Other Persons and Events = 309
• Behavioral Observations = 310
• Physiological Indexes = 311
• Interviews = 312
• Projective Techniques = 313
• Unobtrusive Measures = 314
• Summary and Conclusions = 315
• CHAPTER 13. POPULATION ISSUES = 317
• Sampling Theory = 318
• Practical Considerations in Selecting Participants = 322
• Defining the Target Population = 322
• Creating a Participant Pool = 323
• Selecting Participants = 324
• Establishing Validity in the Absence of Random Selection = 324
• Determining the Number of Participants = 326
• External Validity and Population Issues = 330
• Use of Factorial Designs to Study External Validity = 330
• Considerations in Examining Generalizability Across Populations = 334
• Summary and Conclusions = 337
• CHAPTER 14. INVESTIGATOR, EXPERIMENTER, AND PARTICIPANT BIAS = 339
• Investigator and Experimenter Bias = 340
• Experimenter Attributes = 341
• Investigator and Experimenter Expectancies = 343
• Experimental Procedures = 345
• Participant Bias = 349
• Demand Characteristics = 350
• Participant Characteristics = 351
• Participants' Ability to Report Their Experiences = 353
• Strategies for Reducing Participant Bias = 354
• Summary and Conclusions = 356
• CHAPTER 15. ANALOGUE RESEARCH = 357
• Historical Overview = 358
• Advantages of Analogue Research = 360
• Disadvantages of Analogue Research = 361
• Variables to Consider in Evaluating the Generalizability of Analogue Studies = 361
• Client Variables = 364
• Counselor Variables = 365
• Counseling Process and Setting = 367
• Evaluating Analogue Utility Within an Existing Knowledge Base = 368
• Summary and Conclusions = 370
• CHAPTER 16. OUTCOME RESEARCH : STRATEGIES AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES = 372
• Early Outcome Research in Counseling = 373
• Strategies for Conducting Outcome Research = 374
• The Treatment Package Strategy = 375
• The Dismantling Strategy = 376
• The Constructive Strategy = 378
• The Parametric Strategy = 381
• The Comparative Outcome Strategy = 382
• The Client and Therapist Variation Strategy = 385
• Methodological Issues in Conducting Outcome Research = 386
• Selecting the Appropriate Comparison Group = 386
• Assessing Treatment Integrity : Adherence, Competence, and Differentiation = 388
• Measuring Change = 391
• Empirically Validated Treatments = 397
• Summary and Conclusions = 398
• CHAPTER 17. DESIGN ISSUES RELATED TO COUNSELING PROCESS RESEARCH = 399
• Defining Counseling Process Research = 400
• Early Process Research = 401
• Some Current Research Findings = 403
• Design Issues in Process Research = 404
• Getting Started : What to Study and in What Context? = 405
• What to Measure? = 406
• Whose Perspective? = 407
• How Much to Measure? = 408
• How to Code and Analyze the Process Data? = 409
• Representative Examples of Instruments Used in Counseling Process Research = 416
• Ancillary Behaviors, Micro Level = 418
• Ancillary Behaviors, Global Level = 420
• Verbal Behaviors, Micro Level = 421
• Verbal Behaviors, Global Level = 422
• Covert Behaviors, Micro Level = 423
• Covert Behaviors, Global Level = 425
• Content, Micro Level = 426
• Content, Global Level = 426
• Strategies, Micro Level = 427
• Strategies, Global Level = 430
• Interpersonal Manner, Micro Level = 431
• Interpersonal Manner, Global Level = 431
• Therapeutic Relationship, Micro Level = 433
• Therapeutic Relationship, Global Level = 433
• Quality, Micro Level = 435
• Quality, Global Level = 437
• Two Postscripts = 439
• Summary and Conclusions = 440
• CHAPTER 18. PROGRAM EVALUATION / Matrese Benkofske ; Clyde C. Heppner = 488
• Program Evaluation Described = 488
• Phases of Program Evaluation = 491
• Setting the Evaluation's Boundaries = 492
• Selecting Appropriate Evaluation Methods = 495
• Collecting and Analyzing Information = 505
• Reporting the Evaluation's Findings = 508
• Summary and Conclusions = 512
• PART FOUR PROFESSIONAL ISSUES = 515
• CHAPTER 19. WRITING AND RESEARCH TRAINING = 517
• Sections of a Research Report = 518
• Title = 519
• Abstract = 520
• Introduction = 520
• Method = 522
• Results = 525
• Discussion(or Conclusions) = 526
• General Principles for Writing Research Reports = 527
• Be Informative = 527
• Be Forthright = 527
• Do Not Overstate or Exaggerate = 528
• Be Logical and Organized = 529
• Have Some Style = 529
• Write and Rewrite = 530
• If All Else Fails, Just Write! = 530
• Research Training = 530
• A Structural Equation Model for Research Training = 531
• A Final Comment on Research Training = 542
• Summary and Conclusions = 542
• APPENDIX A Ethical Standards of the American Counseling Association = 544
• APPENDIX B Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct = 554
• References = 575
• Author Index = 616
• Subject Index = 626