요나의 기도(욘 1:17-2:10)에 묘사된 요나의 성격 이해 = Described in Jonah’s Prayer (Jon 1:17-2:10)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study analyzes Jonah's prayer in 1:17-2:10 in the literary context of final-form of the text as a prayer of someone who just escaped a close death call, and looks closely at the personality of Jonah described in the given text. Through such exegesis, following new understandings were deducted. Firstly, the reason why Jonah asked the sailors to throw in down the sea is not because it was a voluntary human sacrifice, but a challenge and rebel against YHWH's authority. Secondly, the reason why described his actions as done according to God in chapter 2 is because he recognized the absolute authority of YHWH who saved his life. Thirdly, the prayer given in such background is certainly not a boastful prayer, but a prayer of repentance and thankfulness. Fourthly, his criticism against the gentile is not about idol worship, but about their ungratefulness towards God's grace. I believe such understanding of Jonah's description in chapter 2 illuminates a new light in understanding the Book of Jonah, and will contribute in expanding the horizon. Jonah`s Prayer portrays Jonah as devout and truthful. Nonetheless, this image of Jonah accentuates his caprice remarkably, as observed throughout the context of the book of Jonah.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 요나의 기도(욘 1:17-2:10)를 이제 막 죽음의 위기에서 벗어난 사람이 드리는 기도라는 최종본의 문학적 정황에서 분석하며 거기에 묘사된 요나의 성격을 살펴본 것이다. 그런 분석을 통해 다음과 같은 새로운 이해들이 도출되었다. 첫째, 1장에서 요나가 바다에 자신을 던지라고 한 것은 자원하여 인신 희생제물이 된 것이 아니라 야훼의 주권에 몸을 던져 도전하고 저항한 것이다. 둘째, 이런 그가 2장에서 자기 행동이 하나님에 의해 이루어진 것으로 표현한 것은 그를 구원한 야훼의 절대 주권을 인식하였기 때문이다. 셋째, 이런 배경에서 드린 기도는 결코 바리새인적 교만의 기도가 아니라 회개와 감사의 기도이다. 넷째, 이방인에 대한 그의 비난은 우상숭배에 대한 것이라기보다 야훼의 은혜를 저버린 그들의 배은망덕에 대한 것이다. 이 기도에 나타난 요나의 모습은 경건하고 정직하다. 그러나 2장에 나타난 요나의 이런 모습은 결국 요나서 전체에서 보면 그의 변덕스러움을 더욱 드러내는 것이 된다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김상래, "아이 성 정복 실패가 진정 아간 때문 만인가? -여호수아 7장 2-5절에 대한 비평적 분석을 중심으로-" 한국구약학회 18 (18): 72-95, 2012

2 조휘, "문학적 정황에서 읽는 요나의 기도(욘 1:17-2:10)" (30) : 18-38, 2005

3 Ackerman, J. S., "Traditions in Transformation: Turning Points in Biblical Faith" Eisenbrauns 213-246, 1981

4 Crouch, Walter B., "To Question an End, to End a Question: Opening the Closure of the Book of Jonah" 62 : 101-112, 1994

5 Hoop, R. de, "The Structural Analysis of Biblical and Canaanite Poetry" JSOT Press 156-171, 1988

6 Christensen, Duane L., "The Song of Jonah: A Metrical Analysis" 104 : 217-231, 1985

7 Scott, R. B. Y., "The Sign of Jonah" 19 : 16-25, 1965

8 Payne, R., "The Prophet Jonah: Reluctant Messenger and Intercessor" 100 : 131-134, 1989

9 Craig, K. M., "The Poetics of the Book of Jonah: Toward an Understanding of Narrative Strategy" Southern Baptist Theological Seminary 1989

10 Eissfeldt, O., "The Old Testament: An Introduction" Basil Blackwell 1974

11 Fretheim, T. E., "The Message of Jonah: A Theological Commentary" Augsburg Publishing House 1977

12 Landes, G. M., "The Kerygma of the Book of Jonah" 21 : 3-31, 1967

13 Ellul, Jacques, "The Judgment of Jonah" Eerdmans 1971

14 Sanglae Kim, "The Heavenly Sanctuary/Temple in the Hebrew Bible" University of Sheffield 2002

15 Mather, J., "The Comic Art of the Book of Jonah" 65 : 280-291, 1982

16 Landes, G. M., "The Canonical Approach to Introducing the Old Testament: Prodigy and Problems" 20 : 32-39, 1980

17 Allen, Leslie C., "The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah and Micah" Eerdmans 1976

18 Bewer, J. A., "The Book of the Twelve Prophets" T. & T. Clark 1961

19 Smart, J., "The Book of Jonah" Abingdon Press 1956

20 Scarlett, W., "The Book of Jonah" Abingdon Press 1956

21 Eagleton, T., "The Book and the Text: The Bible and Literary Theory" Basil Blackwell 231-236, 1990

22 Orth, M., "The Bible in the Light of Cuneiform Literature" Edwin Mellen 257-281, 1990

23 Band, A. J., "Swallowing Jonah: The Eclipse of Parody" 10 : 177-195, 1990

24 Trible, Ph. L., "Studies in the Book of Jonah" Columbia University 1963

25 Johnson, A. R., "Studies in Old Testament Prophecy" T. & T. Clark 82-102, 1957

26 Trible, Ph. L., "Rhetorical Criticism: Context, Method, and the Book of Jonah" Fortress Press 1994

27 Kissling P., "Reliable Characters in the Primary History: Profiles of Moses, Joshua, Elijah and Elisha" Sheffield Academic Press 1996

28 Day, J., "Problems in the Interpretation of the Book of Jonah" 26 : 32-47, 1990

29 Zimmerman, F., "Problems and Solutions in the Book of Jonah" 40 : 58-89, 1991

30 Anderson, B. W., "Out of the Depths" Westminster Press 1974

31 박철우, "MT 소예언서의 삼단양식적 구조와 요나서의 문학적 신학적 기능에 관한 연구" 한국구약학회 19 (19): 208-237, 2013

32 Warshaw, T. S., "Literary Interpretations of Biblical Narratives" Abingdon Press 191-207, 1982

33 Houk, C. B., "Linguistic Pattern in Jonah" 77 : 81-102, 1998

34 Miles, J. A., "Laughing at the Bible: Jonah as Parody" 65 : 168-181, 1974

35 Hauser, A. Jon, "Jonah: In Pursuit of the Dove" 104 : 21-37, 1985

36 LaCocque, A., "Jonah: A Psycho-Religious Approach to the Prophet" University of South Carolina Press 1990

37 Sasson, J. M., "Jonah: A New Translation with Introduction, Commentary, and Interpretation" Doubleday 155-156, 1990

38 Craig, K. M., "Jonah in Recent Research" 7 : 97-118, 1999

39 Levine, Etan, "Jonah as a Philosophical Book" 96 : 235-245, 1984

40 Craig, K. M., "Jonah and the Reading Process" 47 : 103-114, 1990

41 Rosenberg, J., "Jonah and the Prophetic Vocation" 22 : 23-26, 1974

42 Alexander, T. D., "Jonah and Genre" 36 : 35-59, 1985

43 Walsh, Jerome T., "Jonah 2.3-10: A Rhetorical Critical Study" 63 : 219-229, 1982

44 Salters, R. B., "Jonah & Lamentations" JSOT Press 1974

45 Limberg, J., "Jonah" Westminster 1993

46 Ellison, H. L., "Jonah" Zondervan 1985

47 Müller, J. G. A., "Jona: Eine moralische Erzählung" Cruisius 1794

48 VanGemeren, W., "Interpreting the Prophetic Word" Zondervan 1990

49 Davies, P. R., "In Search of ‘Ancient Israel’" JSOT Press 1992

50 Person, R. F., "In Conversation with Jonah: Conversation Analysis, Literary Criticism, and the Book of Jonah" Sheffield Academic Press 1996

51 Andrew, M. E., "Gattung and Intention of the Book of Jonah" 1 : 13-18, 1967

52 Bolin, Thomas M., "Freedom beyond Forgiveness: The Book of Jonah Re-examined" Sheffield Academic Press 1997

53 Bickerman, E. J., "Four Strange Books of the Bible: Jonah, Daniel, Koheleth" Schocken Books 1967

54 Christensen, Duane L., "Directions in Biblical Hebrew Poetry" JSOT Press 1987

55 Holbert, J. C., "Deliverance Belongs to Yahweh!: Satire in the Book of Jonah" 21 : 59-81, 1981

56 Woodard, B. L., "Death in Life: The Book of Jonah and Biblical Tragedy" 11 : 3-16, 1991

57 Clements, R. E., "Congress Volume: Edinburgh 1974" E. J. Brill 16-28, 1974

58 Cohn, G. H., "Book of Jonah"

59 Emmerson, G. I., "Another Look at the Book of Jonah" 88 : 86-87, 1976

60 Smith, B. K., "Amos, Obadiah, Jonah" Broadman & Holman Publishers 1995

61 Cooper, A., "Among the Prophets: Language, Image and Structure in the Prophetic Writings" 144-163,

62 Brenner, Athalya, "Among the Prophets: Language, Image and Structure in the Prophetic Writings" JSOT Press 183-192, 1993

63 Craig, K. M., "A Poetics of Jonah" University of South Carolina Press 1993