모던 미국사회학과 과학주의

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글은 모던 미국사회학이 사용한 지식 패러다임을 살펴봄으로써 그 발전과정을 살펴본다. 모던 미국사회학은 사회학을 진정한 과학으로 수립하고자 미학을 배제하였다는 점에서 고전 유럽사회학과 어느 정도 유사하다. 하지만 고전 유럽사회학과 달리 모던 미국사회학은 경험과학을 비판하지 않았다. 오히려 경험과학을 사회학을 위한 최고로 우월한 지식의 패러다임으로 채택하였다. 모던 미국사회학은 미국의 영웅적 개인주의 정신과 잘 들어맞는 한도 내에서 도덕학을 긍정적으로 받아들였다. 또한 모던 미국사회학은 이론과학을 받아들였지만, 유럽과는 사뭇 다른 양상을 보여주었다. 유럽에서는 맑시즘과 구조주의와 같은 본질주의적 이론과학이 사회학을 포함한 지성계에서 지배적인 위치를 차지하였다. 하지만 미국에서는 본질 주의적 이론과학이 사회학적 담론으로 자리를 잡지 못하였는데, 주된 이유는 미국 지성계를 지배한 세속화된 과학관이 본질주의적 이론과학의 목적론적·비과학적 함의를 용인할 수 없었기 때문이다. 반면 초월주의적 이론과학은 목적론을 담고 있지 않아 모던 미국사회학에서 비교적 손쉽게 자리를 잡을 수 있었다. 경험과학과 초월주의적 이론과학이 서로 손을 잡고 모던 미국사회학에서 크게 성공을 거둔 것은 놀라운 일이 아닌데, 왜냐하면 뉴턴이 이미 경험과 합리적 추론을 종합하여 자신의 과학관을 제출한 바 있기 때문이다. 결국 모던 미국사회학의 패권을 잡은 것은 과학이었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article examines the development of modern American sociology in terms of the paradigms of knowledge it has utilized. Modern American sociology has excluded aesthetics from its horizon in order to establish itself as a genuine science, which is in a sense similar to classical European sociology. Unlike classical European sociology, however, modern American sociology did not criticize empirical science; rather, it adopted empirical science as the primary model of knowledge. Modern American sociology positively embraced morality insofar as it fits in with the American spirit of heroic individualism. Moreover, modern American sociology adopted the model of theoretical science, but its mode is quite different from the European one where the essentialist version of theoretical science such as Marxism and structuralism prevailed in the academe including sociology. In contrast, the essentialist version of theoretical science did not take root in the American academe, the main reason being that the secularized view of science dominating the American academe could not bear its teleological, unscientific implications. Instead, the transcendentalist version of theoretical science was able to take root in modern American sociology relatively easily because it did not include teleological implications. Empirical science and transcendentalist theoretical science flourished together in modern American sociology, which is not surprising because Newton already presented the paradigmatic view of science that successfully synthesized empirical facts and rational reasoning. Thus, science assumed hegemony in modern American sociology.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• [국문 초록]
• Ⅰ. 머리말
• Ⅱ. 첫 번째 시기(1880년대～1915/1918)
• Ⅲ. 두 번째 시기(1915/18～1945/50)
• Ⅳ. 세 번째 시기(1945～1960년대 초반)
• Ⅴ. 네 번째 시기(1960년대 초반～1980년대 초반)
• Ⅵ. 맺음말
• 참고 문헌
• [Abstract]

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