While form and substance match for transactions that are under the purview of taxation laws in general, due to the increasingly complicated economic structures and tax avoidance practices, this is not always true in practice. In such cases, if taxatio...
While form and substance match for transactions that are under the purview of taxation laws in general, due to the increasingly complicated economic structures and tax avoidance practices, this is not always true in practice. In such cases, if taxation is executed simply for the form and the appearance of transactions, those without taxable capacity or subjects without taxable capacity are taxed, which harms to fairness of the tax burden. under the principle of substance over form, the facts of tax requisition must be identified and taxation laws must be interpreted with the economic meaning and the actual practice as the standard. The principle is at the core of practice and realization of equality of tax burden principle, which is the base of all taxation laws.
Over the substance and the economic substance of the substance over form principle are all amorphous concepts, offices of taxation and taxpayers are in con- stant conflict over the application of substance over form principle, which is shaking the legal stability and predictability of taxation laws. Since the Korean Supreme Court en banc Decision 2008Du8499, Decided January 18, 2012, left the interpretation of “substance” as “economic substance,” the academia, courts, taxation offices, and elsewhere in the taxation profession have not been able to set a clear standard or stance on this issue. Moreover, taxation offices, which were empowered by the above Supreme Court decision, are expanding the amorphous concepts of substance and economic substance, in order to recharacterize transactions where possible to execute taxation.
Meanwhile, the trends in legal precedents on substance over form principle on transaction contents show that sham transactions theory is used to deny tax evasion. Sometimes, Clauses 2 or 3 of Article 14 of the Framework Act on National Taxes are applied for the denial, or the courts exclude the application of the said clauses at all, which show that the standards for application of the law are not clear. The author of the current paper believes that consistent legal decisions based on clear and transparent standards will be able to secure the legal stability and predictability for taxpayers.
Next, legislators must also enact special anti-avoidance rules (SAAR) in order to regulate undesirable tax evasion, and the Article 14 of the Framework Act on National Taxes, which is a general anti-avoidance rule (GAAR) should become more detailed in terms of the conditions of its application. In order to achieve this end, a separate GAAR article other than the Clauses 1 and 2 or Article 14 of the Framework Act must be enacted, which will include paragraphs that deny detour transactions and step transactions stated in Clause 3 of Article 14 of the Act, as well as other inappropriate and abnormal practices or transactions. Furthermore, the paragraph that denies such tax avoidance behaviors must elaborate the conditions of the its application.