This research comprehensively investigates how the media policy towards Korea and Japan, executed by the US Military Government (hereinafter US-MG) in August 15th, 1945, influenced the formation of the media structure within both nations. The signific...
This research comprehensively investigates how the media policy towards Korea and Japan, executed by the US Military Government (hereinafter US-MG) in August 15th, 1945, influenced the formation of the media structure within both nations. The significant differences of media policy by the US-MG in these two regions brought about diverse consequences, as follows:
First, the US-MG resulted from the effects of regional chronological warfare: the Pacific War of World War II followed by 24th Corps of US Army Forces military occupation of Korea under the direction of General MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers stationed in Tokyo, Japan. The representatives of the US-MG in Korea and Japan were not only vertically linked, but their media policy was closely associated. However, the nature of the military occupation in two regions turned out to be completely different. The US-MG in Korea confronted the hegemonic competition against the USSR and this forced the US-MG to eradicate Korean left-winger nationalists whom were considered pro-USSR groups. In addition, the Korean US-MG branch needed an aggressive cultivation policy to expand pro-USA right-winger supporters as a bastion of anti-communism and anti-USSR.
Second, a media policy remained subordinate to the objectives of the military occupation. The US-MG in Korea could not tolerate the existence of the left-wing media, which they regarded as propaganda used by left-winger supporters. In Japan, the US-MG provided a guideline for media, such as a press code, and clarified where the media's responsibility lay. On the contrary, in Korea, the US-MG exercised strict political control over the media. Left-wing media factions that distributed material deemed harmful towards the military administration faced suspension and discontinuation under legislative laws, which did not abide to the principles of a press code.
Third, economic control factors, during the reorganization of the post-war media, displayed different characteristics between the two nations; in Japan, competition over securing papers led a market share challenge of media companies and the media companies were either integrated or merged through subscription rate coordination by conducting surveys on the newspaper readers. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that competition in terms of survival of the fittest ruled at the media market in Japan; while the media reshuffling was executed by the absolute-powered US-MG, as a reorganizer of social class, via suspension and discontinuation of the targeted media in Korea.
Finally, in Japan, the media secured some room for diversity of ideologies; for example, it was not illegal to publish a communist magazine. In particular, the vitalization of local media markets of Japan appreciated as a main catalyst for settlement of geographical multiplicity of public opinions. Whereas, reshuffling of the media in Korea through annihilation of the left-wing media of political affairs incubated a single-colored media market of pro-USA and right-wingers upon establishment of the Republic of Korea in the south only, especially with a highly centralized system of government, the majority of the media market were settled and shared by nationwide media enterprisers lacking in geographical miscellany of public opinions.