행정학연구방법론에 관한 연구 : 경험주의와 현상학에 대한 논의를 중심으로

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Edmund Husserl conceives phenomenology a rigorous science. Phenomenology is a study of consciousness and it is an attempt to examine each act of consciousness as a $quot;pure$quot; act of consciousness, seeking to discover in each its essence. After all It may be called an attempt to understand being in terms of essence.
(도표)
Phenomenology does not provide a' neat conceptual model for integrating existing theories into a fully-articulated new theory, nor does it cover all possibilities in expalining the complexity of the modern organization at the present stage of development. However the phenomenological approach does not only offer a frame of reference with which to view organizational and social phenomena but also is to because in cooperation with the other types of method and it adds to the scope of scientific inquiry.
According to Alfred Schutz, man acts in the contex of an intersubju\ective reality which is shared by other people. Thus, phenomenology is concerned with the phenomena of the social world and it offers a' method for comprehending human actions in the social world. Interacting with other people, man develops an $quot;inner cognitive map or frame of reference$quot; which shapes his future action and he has a sense of responsibility for social change and self-improvement.
In this respect, the phenomenological approach introduces a conceptual scheme for analyzing the complex interrelations between the values(needs) of man and his intentional consciousness toward the social world. This approach introduces new parameters which administrators may employ in their efforts to construct social reality and to make policy choices. Also it boradens the viewpoint offered by rational, technocratic schools of thought.
The study of bureaucracy seen by phenomenological approach is followings. A social world is constructed by following five elements.
I and Thou(You), Reciprocity of Perspectives, Shared Stock of Knowledge, Communication; Intentionality. In this world, we orient all our activities toward approval by other human beings.
In a bureaucratic world, administrators(bureaucrats, functionaries) do not socially treat civilians as human beings but as cases. They live in system of integration and interdependence. They are acquainted with only the internal values of public bureaucracy. They are related with the rationality of means-ends relations associated with instrumental and strategic action. And their language makes impossible the causal thinking to answer the ultimate questions of human existence. In this world, we orient all our activities toward work which is making human relations secondary.
A structual inflexibility results from decision-making procedures such as cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-benefits analysis, PPBS and the growth of nonpublic decision-making procedures of government. And a political process is viewed as a planning mechanism for the economy and a service delivery system for the needs of organizable groups.
(도표)
A normative analysis in organizations coan be facilitated by the introduction of a formally organized dialogue(forensic debate) between technical and normative perspectives. The free exercise of normative judgement increases the possibility of developing a meaningful and legitimate basis for administratively acceptable decisions. The forensic model which is grounded in the normative life-world of social action, is better conceptualized from a phenomenological perspective than an empirical model of social science. But in this forensic approach, participants' grounds(criteria) for accepting or rejecting a normative proposal must be subjected to corresponding types of data, judged or tested by the same rigorous emirical methods.
Phenomenology as the basis of intentionalist management differs from the natural science approach of positivism underlying behavioralist management. Phenomenology recognizes that the nature of people is different from the nature of things and that people require a management concept different from that used in the operation of tools. The intentionalist perspective also recognizes that administrators are unique human beings in that they live in the self-construction of the work world. Therefore, to limit or suppress such self-construction is to throw away an essential part of human's powers and energy.