魁星 圖像의 기원과 전개 = The Origin and Development of the Kui Xing Icon

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Kui Xing(魁星) is a deity created by the intense wish of literary men who were taking a state exam in ancient China. It was originally just a part of an astronomical constellation, but the brutal state exam system of Ming Dynasty gave birth to it. In other words, a new icon was born out of the desire of literary men that wanted a specific image of deity to wish for their successful passing in the state exam.
Kui Xing presents a unique case of creating an icon with the meanings and sounds of letters and then pictorializing them. The icon of Kui Xing, which is still loved today, was the result of a combination between the imagination of people to specifically embody their strong wish for passing the state exam those days and the resulting symbolism of significance. It is not clear exactly when its icon was created, but it is very likely, given the records and remaining artifacts, that it was created, established, or full-blown during Ming Dynasty after years of mere existence. It was during Ming Dynasty that the state exam system of China came in full scale true to its name. It should not be a coincidence that the image of Kui Xing was established during the period. The faith and icon of Kui Xing started to spread and grow among the literary men at an alarming pace during Ming Dynasty. Their influences have been so great that they have continued on through Qing Dynasty, early modern days, and even contemporary times. Researches on Kui Xing, however, remain at the level of concept arrangement as a deity of Taoism or a folk deity in spite of its huge importance. The icon of Kui Xing established during Ming Dynasty was created as a complete work by major artists such as Ding Yunpeng and Gao Qipei. It was then popularized and became universal via such publications as Sancaituhui. In Qing Dynasty, the icon of Kui Xing was transformed into a much more comprehensive object of faith to be used in a religious ceremony beyond its original significance of bringing luck to pass an exam. Painting of Kui Xing by Ma
Dezhao at the end of Qing Dynasty is an example of the Kui Xing icon's universalization and popularization to the extreme across many different dimensions including form, style, and meaning. Its influence is so immense that it is widely used in the study rooms of Chinese examinees today.
In Joseon where there was no brutal state exam culture like the case of China, the icon of Kui Xing itself had a difficult time inducing favorable responses from people. There are rare cases of the icon in South Korea such as Painting of Lei Gong at the National Museum of Korea, which suggest that it must have been introduced to Joseon as a theme for painting separate from its character and functions in China. There is no doubt that most literary men were exposed to the icon of Kui Xing since they were eager to rise in the world and gain fame. Kui Xing is a great case to demonstrate how social needs would affect the icons and styles of artistic works. It is such an interesting icon that clearly reflects how an image created by a need would change over time in addition to the rich imagination and minuteness of people those days. It is also an important example of relations between character and image and between character and art.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 머리말
• 2. 중국의 科擧 문화와 魁星 신앙
• 3. 魁星 圖像의 성립과 특징
• 4. 魁星 圖像의 전개 양상
• 5. 맺음말

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