The evolution of spatial policy : a case study of inner-urban policy in the United Kingdom, 1968-1981

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1. Some contemporary parameters of inner-urban decline
• The characteristics of inner-urban decline = 1
• The economic dimension = 2
• The components of economic decline = 2
• National economic decline and the cities = 2
• Urban employment structure = 2
• Size and age of industrial plant = 3
• The decentralization of employment = 3
• Corporate restructuring = 5
• The primacy of manufacturing industry = 7
• The impact of new technology = 9
• Service employment = 11
• Some economic and employment policies = 12
• Human capital: sectoral and spatial mobility = 14
• Economic decline and employment constraint: a brief overview = 16
• The demographic dimension = 17
• The scale of urban demographic decline = 17
• The consequences of demographic decline = 18
• Urban deprivation = 19
• The immigration issue = 21
• The physical dimension = 24
• Environmental decay = 24
• Residential dereliction = 25
• The financial dimension = 29
• Conclusion = 33
• 2. The era of inner-urban experimentation
• Inner-urban experimentation: the forces for innovation = 37
• The urban experiments 1968-1974 = 40
• The major resouree-allocating projects: educational priority areas and urban aid = 41
• The search for coordination: the Comprehensive Community Programme = 44
• The investigative projects: the Community Development Projects and the Inner Area Studies = 47
• 3. The inner city and poverty debates
• The 'culture of poverty and positive discrimination = 51
• The investigative projects = 52
• Statistical analyses = 55
• Research into transmitted deprivation = 56
• The demise of cultural arguments = 56
• Positive discrimination and the inner-urban debate = 58
• Shortcomings of a spatial dimension = 60
• The distribution of poor households = 60
• The suburbanization of inner-urban problems = 61
• The partiality of spatial analyses = 61
• Deprivation as inefficient management = 62
• Corporate planning and area management = 65
• Deprivation and the structure of society = 67
• The reality and moderation of societal stratification = 67
• The perpetuation of poverty = 68
• The self-reinforcing nature of poverty = 68
• Conclusion: from urban experimentation to urban policy = 69
• The rejection of anticollectivism = 129
• 4. The Labour government and inner-urban policy 1977-1979
• The intensification of economic intervention = 73
• Partnerships = 76
• Glasgow Eastern Area Renewal = 76
• Legal, financial, and administrative structures of partnerships = 77
• Partnership programmes = 78
• Financial support and allocation = 79
• Managerial complexities = 82
• Partnerships and the voluntary sector = 83
• Partnerships under Conservative administration = 84
• Partnerships: some interpretations = 85
• Conclusion = 87
• 5. Conservative government and inner-urban policy after 1979
• The early innovations = 89
• The land register = 90
• Enterprise zones = 91
• Urban development corporations = 101
• Urban Development Corporations: the debates = 104
• Decisionmaking and the Development Corporations = 104
• Urban Development Corporations: their necessity = 106
• The post-1981 developments = 109
• The Merseyside initiatives = 109
• The private-sector dimensions = 111
• Amendments to expenditure plans = 112
• 6. Framework for theoretical analysis
• Policy analysis and its relevance to inner-urban policy Political interpretations = 118
• Political interpretations = 118
• Pluralist-market approaches = 119
• Reformist perspectives = 120
• Elitist theories = 121
• Radical insights = 123
• A preliminary overview and an agenda for analysis = 124
• 7. The market and the inner city Ⅰ: some theoretical considerations
• Anticollectivism and the cities = 125
• The rejection of antivollectivism = 129
• Anticollectivism, reluctant collectivism, and the inner city = 132
• Monetarist economic policies and their urban consequences = 132
• Reluctant collectivism and the cities = 134
• The market and the inner-urban core : an overview = 141
• 8. The market and the inner city Ⅱ: the small firm sector
• Small firms and inner cities : some recent developments = 144
• Some evaluative criteria = 145
• A left-wing critique = 147
• Physical and financial constraints = 148
• Small firms : an overview = 150
• 9. Reformism and the inner city
• Reformism and inner-urban policy = 151
• Reformism and inner-urban regeneration = 153
• 10. Neo-Weberian perspectives and their relevance to inner-urban policy
• The managerialist debate = 157
• The autonomy of the political = 159
• Corporatism = 161
• Conclusion = 162
• 11. Radical perspectives Ⅰ : some theoretical considerations
• Some introductory comments on Marxist methods and the state = 163
• Radical theory and the urban question = 168
• Marxist perceptions of social welfare = 172
• The dynamic nature of welfare provision = 173
• Social welfare after 1979 = 174
• Social welfare as social control = 176
• Conclusion = 178
• 12. Radical perspectives Ⅱ: inner-urban problems and policy development
• Radical perceptions of the inner-urban problem = 179
• Inner-urban policy: a radical approach = 182
• Economic planning = 185
• Public investment = 186
• The provision of social welfare = 187
• Spatial interventions = 188
• Conclusion = 190
• 13. The 1981 disturbances
• The conservative position = 192
• Liberal interpretations = 192
• Class = 196
• Racism = 198
• 14. The central-local issue
• The local state = 202
• Increasing central government control? = 205
• Dualism: practice and theory = 208
• Conclusion = 214
• 15. An overview
• Increased state intervention and the inner areas = 216
• The impact of ideas = 216
• The role of the state = 216
• Technological Determinism = 217
• Political processes = 218
• Market failure = 218
• The specifics of inner-city intervention = 218
• A concluding statement = 221