現代 漢語의 音變現象 연구 : 輕聲과 兒化韻을 중심으로 = (A) Study on the change of the modal particle in modern Chinese language : focused on the neutral tone and retroflex sound -r

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

1. MOTIVE AND AIM OF STUDY
Chinese being called the national language [國語] in Taiwan and Mandarin [普通話] in China proper is used the standard language by means of different pronouncing transcription respectively. Mandarin which is both the standard language of China and the common language of modern Chinese regards Peking sound as standard one and is standardized modern Chinese to the exclusion of native dialects in the Peking spoken language. In the Present state of things, although Universities and educational institutions in Korea changed Taiwanese pronunciation of the southern language family into Mandarin one in teaching modern Chinese language, they focused less on the neutral tone and the retroflex sound which are linguistically characteristic of Mandarin than on the four tones. Actually in the Chinese language, if both the sounds are not realized properly, they will not only sound awkward but cause misunderstandings. That's because they have an important need in teaching modern Chinese language. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to make systematic analysis on the neutral tone and the retroflex sound in modern Chinese language and look into their trends.
2. SCOPE OF STUDY
The sound change in modern Chinese includes the change of the phoneme and the four tones. The sound change in pronouncing continuously breaks down into three kinds: First is increasing sounds, deceasing sounds and successive sounds under the influence of the front and back as in a grammatical particle '아' and a retroflex sound. Second is a neutral sound. Third is the dissimilation of the neutral sound as In variant of the third tone and 一, 七, 八, 不.
This study is focused on the neutral and retroflex sound which is characteristic of the sound change in pronunciation in Mandarin, according to the present trend of teaching Mandarin.
3. CONCEPT10N OF THE NEUTRAL TONE
The neutral tone is assumed to be occurred in the process of Chinese language being derived from an isolated language. It's not easy, however, to find its origin. The name and the notion of it were mentioned first by Cho Won Im[趙元任] about 70 years ago.
To put it shortly, it is the sound change that a kind of words or syllables lose their four tones and are often reduced to schwa sound. It is represented by a symbol [·] or not.
4. CONCEPT10N OF THE RETROFLEX SOUND
In the Chinese language, when the sound[兒] is in the coda position and combines with the other vowels, it changes tone quality of vowel in coda and becomes retroflex vowel.
We call it retroflex sound. In the case of Mandarin, the sound 'er', retroflex seldom consists of its own syllable as in 兒, 而, 爾, 耳 and 二. Generally speaking, the origins of it are as follows.
1) 語根 + 兒 : 花兒, 鳥兒, 玩兒.
2) The variation of '裏' : 這裏·那裏 > 這兒·那兒.
3) The variation of '日' : 今日·明日 > 今兒·明兒.
However, such abstract nouns as politics, economics and philosophy don't have the characteristics of the retroflex sound, according to the regulation [漢語倂音方案]. It is represented by a symbol 'r' behind the vowel.
5. CONCLUSION
The neutral tone and the retroflex sound are widely used in Mandarin. Also they are regarded as highly important in Mandarin. With more analysis on them, they are induced as follows.
1) They have meaning distinguishing function. For example, the neutral tone makes a meaning difference between '東西 and 東西', '大意 and 大意', '買賣 and 買賣'. So does the retroflex as in '白麵(flour) and 白麵兒(heroin)', '一塊 and 一塊兒', '탄 and 탄아', '個 and 個兒'.
2) They have no meaning distinguishing function. For example, as in 西瓜, 委曲, 上面, 哥哥. And 村, 梗, 藥膏, 打嗚 are not used separately. In order to be independently used, they should be the retroflex sound such as 村兒, 梗兒, 藥膏兒, 打嗚兒.
3) They have no regular reading under the two permissible cicumstances. For example, the second syllable of 沙發, 乾粮 and 喜鵲 can be neutralized.
In modern Chinese liguistics, the notion of the neutral tone occurred only 70 years ago. It has been 100 years since the system of the retroflex sound was established. From the growing process of them, they are characterized by dynamic phenomeno, not static ones.
The latter similar to the former have word or meaning distinguishing function. However, because of its different way of reading, complicated structure and sound pitch, it's not easy to normalize it. On account of their complicated normalization, we should consider both the systematic study and the examplary vocabulary and usage.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 目次
• 一. 서론 = 1
• 1. 연구동기와 목적 = 1
• 2. 연구 범위 = 2
• 3. 연구방법 = 3
• 二. 현대 漢語의 音變현상 = 4
• 1. 上聲의 變調 = 5
• 2. ‘一·七·八·不’의 變調 = 6
• 3. 語氣助詞 ‘阿’의 音變 = 9
• 三. 輕聲 = 12
• 1. 경성의 개념 = 12
• 2. 輕聲과 重音 = 14
• 3. 경성의 音勢·音高·音長 = 17
• 4. 경성의 音變 規律 = 21
• 5. 경성의 기능 = 27
• 四. 兒化韻 = 31
• 1. 兒化韻의 개념과 來源 = 31
• 2. 兒化韻의 音變規律 = 36
• 3. 兒化韻의 기능 = 41
• 五. 輕聲 및 兒化韻의 발전추세 = 56
• 1. 輕聲의 去聲化 현상 = 56
• 2. 兒化韻의 讀音差異현상 = 62
• 3. 兒化韻의 音位處理 문제 = 67
• 六. 결론 = 71
• [參考文獻] = 74
• Abstract = 76