This dissertation demonstrates plasmon-induced charge transfer effects between analyte molecules and adjacent metals by using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). SERS is a technique of obtaining enhanced Raman signals of analyte molecules loca...
This dissertation demonstrates plasmon-induced charge transfer effects between analyte molecules and adjacent metals by using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). SERS is a technique of obtaining enhanced Raman signals of analyte molecules located in a junction between two different metallic surfaces induced by surface plasmons. In this dissertation, a metallic gap consisting of single metallic nanoparticle (NP)/metallic thin-film (TF) with analyte molecules located in the metallic junction is used to construct a system enabling simple search of enhance Raman signal emitting positions called SERS hotspots. Through the small but clear changes observed in SERS spectra, a new theory in a mechanism of fundamental photochemical reactions and light-mediated metal-molecule interactions is revealed and suggested. In addition, with the great advantage of ultrasensitive SERS enhancement ability enabling the detection of single molecules (SMSERS), a possibility of single-molecule researches is also suggested to investigate tautomeric stabilities of pharmaceutical molecules. With these subjects, the details are described as written below.
Chapter 1 introduces the simple background of plasmonics, Raman and SERS with the features of single-molecule detection, plasmon-induced charge transfer, and Fano resonance. The basics of plasmonics are focused on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which is one of the main fundamental principles in SERS enhancement mechanism. Simple basics and enhancement mechanisms of SERS are introduced with comparison of single-molecule detection. The mechanisms of plasmon-induced charge transfer effects are explained with hot carrier generation and transfer with some examples. Simple Fano resonance theory explains the interaction between a discrete state and background continuum.
Chapter 2 provides the details of experimental instruments. The principle of epi-confocal Raman spectroscopy is firstly introduced as a main experimental setup with additional applications to perform electrochemical SERS and hyperspectral SERS. Simple principle of dark-field microscopy is also introduced, which is used to record LSPR signals.
Chapter 3 reports a new photoreaction mechanism of 4-nitrobenzenethiol (NBT) molecules located in a metallic junction. Before the formation of reported NBT photoreaction intermediate, 4,4’-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB), the symmetric stretching peak of nitro group (νNO) shows red-shift for 6 cm-1 without intensity change and the position remains with no further spectral shift until its photoreductive decay. By assuming the newly observed red-shifted peak from another reaction intermediate, the existence of the intermediate is proved by discovering an isosbestic point during red-shift of νNO and progressing kinetic analysis. Additional electrochemical SERS and quantum chemical calculation confirm the identification of the intermediate as single electron transferred NBT, NBT anion radical (NBT•‒). This observation implies the importance of NBT•‒ in the photoreaction mechanism of NBT and the reconsideration of previously reported kinetic anlaysis of NBT photoreaction.
Chapter 4 describes that citrate NP stabilizer can affect plasmon-induced charge transfer between metal and NBT molecules resulting SERS process change. When the metallic NP/NBT/AuTF junctions are formed by different metallic types of NPs (Ag and AuNPs), and irradiated by lasers with different excitation wavelengths, the peak positions of νNO only show dynamic differences in the firstly recorded SERS spectra, while other two main SERS peak positions of NBT do not. Furthermore, the photoreactivity of NBT is also changed depending on the existence of citrate NP stabilizer, which can interrupt the plasmon-induced charge transfer. These differences are caused by the direct or indirect contact between metallic surface and molecules, and it is proved by comparing SERS spectra obtained from the junctions formed by adsorbing NBTs to NPs or AuTFs. In addition, a fitting of Fano line-shape function to νNO SERS peak also shows other spectral changes of line shape and peak width. With the information of a critical contribution of nitro group in the LUMO of NBT, I can relate the only change of NO SERS peak and energy barrier of citrate NP stabilizer to charge-transfer-mediated SERS processes, and expect that the spectral features can be new criteria to determine the strength of ground and excited states metal-NBT couplings and distinguish preresonance and resonance SERS.
Chapter 5 suggests a possibility of researches on single-molecule tautomeric stabilities of pharmaceutical molecules by observing single-molecular tautomeric switching events. Hypoxanthine (HX), one of widely used pharmaceutical molecules, has two main tautomeric isomeric forms, ketonic form (KF) and enolic form (EF), and their stabilities sensitively depend on the environmental pH by transferring each other. However, SMSERS spectra of each KF and EF are observed, which show discrete, sudden, and random transformation between KF and EF under air-exposed (pH-uncontrolled) condition. This random single-molecule stability is assumed to be affected by other environmental conditions, and this observation provides a possibility of further researches on single-molecule tautomerization with great importance.
Chapter 6 is a summary of this dissertation. My perspective of SERS based investigations for further researches is represented with significance and prospect of my researches reported in this dissertation.