19세기 후반 함경도 변경지역과 연해주의 교역 활동 = Trade of Hamkyung frontier and Primorskii in late 19th century

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

People's lives in Hamkyung Frontier changed dramatically after Russia's take over of Primorskii in 1860. More people with
economic hardships moved to Primorskii(연해주) crossing over the Russia border on the lower Tumen River. Korean immigration was not an issue to Russia since it wanted them to develop a large scale of
wild land which had been just acquired. As a result, the Korean collective habitat came into being in Primorskii.
Koreans who moved to Primorskii started trading with the regional people by frequently crossing over Tumen River in order to get agricultural tools and cows which are needed to develop the land and finally settle down. The border guards of Russia were also supplied food by these Koreans. As trade volume in the border increases, Russia requested Chosun to officialize the trade in order to not only deal with legal treatment of the increasing immigrants but also secure a channel of stable material supply required for the development of Primorskii. Accordingly, Regulations for the Frontier Trade on the River Tumen(조·러육로통상장정) which stipulated rules for the land trade between Kyung-Heung of Hamkyung Province and Primorskii, was contracted in 1888.
However, development of the trade itself was limited due to low economic and premature trading conditions of the region. The land trade with Russia was given little weight in the total trade volume of Chosun. But, this trade had profound economic meaning to the people in these regions. The people of Hamkyung Province developed new living bases in the areas of Primorskii and Manchria in the late 19th century, and these people established a certain trading zone in the border areas of 3 countries - Chosun, Russia and Ching which are bordered by Tumen River.

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