International litigation and arbitration : practice and planning

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xix
• Acknowledgments = xxi
• 1. SUING FOREIGN DEFENDANTS IN UNITED STATES COURTS = 1
• Section 1. Problems of In Personam and In Rem Jurisdiction = 1
• Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408 (1984) = 1
• Notes. U.S. amicus brief in Helicopteros ; foreign defendants' vulnerability to suit despite Helicopteros ; obsolete precedent relied on in Helicopteros ; Calvo clauses = 6
• Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court, 480 U.S. 102 (1987) = 7
• Notes. Implications of Asahi for injured users ; split of authority concerning "stream of commerce" ; Japanese jurisdiction cases ; use of national contacts in Federal Rule 4(k)(2) = 14
• Choice of Law = 17
• European Economic Community Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, (Brussels Convention) = 19
• Notes. Ratification of Brussels Convention ; Lugano Convention ; relevance of the provisions of the EEC Convention to assessing the reasoning in Asahi ; jurisdiction under the Brussels Convention ; exorbitant bases for jurisdiction under Convention ; transient presence as basis for jurisdiction ; differences between jurisdiction under Convention and in U.S. = 28
• Miller v. Honda Motor Co., 779 F.2d 769 (1st Cir. 1985) = 30
• Notes. Piercing the corporate veil = 33
• Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186 (1977) = 34
• Notes. Uses of in rem jurisdiction that survive Shaffer ; English "Mareva" injunction compared ; local procedure may not permit pre-judgment seizure ; due process requirements affected by interest at risk ; likelihood that Shaffer will be overruled or limited = 44
• Louring v. Kuwait, Boulder Shipping Co., 455 F. Supp. 630 (D. Conn. 1977) = 45
• Notes. Meaning of "no other forum" ; possibility that fewer forum contacts needed for in rem than for in personam jurisdiction = 47
• Section 2. Agreements to Litigate or Arbitrate Abroad = 47
• The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1(1972) = 47
• Notes. Exculpatory clauses invalid under German law ; enforcement of forum-selection clauses in cruise tickets ; drafting of a choice-of-forum clause ; limitation of vesse owner's liability ; the forum-selection clause in Carbon Black = 54
• Vimar Seguros y Reaseguros, S.A. v. M／M Sky Reefer, 515 U.S. 528 (1995) = 57
• Notes. Enforcement of forum-selection clauses ; denial of interlocutory appeal for refusal to enforce = 60
• Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co., 417 U.S. 506 (1974) = 61
• Notes. Overruling of Wilco v. Swan ; enforcement of arbitral awards under Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act and Act of State Doctrine ; enforcement of forum-selection clauses against U.S. investors in Lloyd's = 68
• United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards ("New York" Convention) = 69
• Notes. New York Convention widely ratified ; Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration ("Panama" Convention) ; construction of Convention and Federal Arbitration Act ; drafting of arbitration clause ; local awards not considered as "domestic" = 71
• Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614 (1985) = 77
• Notes. Enforcement of arbitration awards and agreements ; comments on Mitsubishi = 85
• Rhone Mediterranee Compagnia Francese v. Lauro, 712 F.2d 50 (3rd Cir. 1983) = 86
• Notes. Standard for enforcement of agreement to arbitrate ; "time" and "bareboat" charters = 89
• Section 3. Enjoining Suit Abroad = 89
• Cannon v. Payne, 706 S.W.2d 304 (Tex. 1986) = 89
• Notes. "Parallel proceedings" and the Conflict of Jurisdiction Model Act ; antisuit injunctions and stays of proceedings ; parallel proceedings under Brussels Convention ; comparative law on parallel proceedings = 92
• Section 4. Service of Process = 96
• Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters = 96
• Notes. Sources of multilateral conventions affecting international litigation ; Service Convention provision for reopening judgment ; treatment of controversial issues in multilateral conventions ; Inter-American Convention on Letters Rogatory = 101
• Service abroad under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4 = 102
• Note. Interpretation of Rule 4 = 102
• Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft v. Schlunk, 486 U.S. 694 (1988) = 103
• Notes. Special Commission report on Schiunk ; refusal of service when request forwarded by U.S. attorney ; "send" in Article 10(a) and Japanese position on mail service ; American form of notification au parquet ; due process notice requirements ; whether Service Convention is mandatory = 109
• Federal Trade Commission v. Compagnie de Saint-Gobain-Pont-A-Mousson, 636 F.2d 1300 (D.C. Cir. 1980) = 110
• Notes. Legislation conflicting with international law ; jus cogens ; amendment of FTC service provisions = 118
• Section 5. Taking of Evidence = 119
• Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters = 119
• Soci$$e'$$t$$e'$$ Nationale Industrielle A$$e'$$rospatiale v. United States District Court, 482 U.S. 522 (1987) = 126
• Notes. Special Commission report on A$$e'$$rospatiale ; abandoned proposal to amend FRCP 26(a) ; critique of conclusion that "may" indicates that Convention is optional ; reservations under Article 23 ; discovery in aid of foreign proceedings under 28 U.S.C. §1782 ; "GmbH" ; lower court decisions after A$$e'$$rospatiale ; discovery in England ; "Anton Piller" order ; civil law discovery = 136
• Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States § 442 = 139
• Notes. Court supervision of discovery of evidence located abroad ; effect of blocking statutes on discovery orders and sanctions = 140
• Societe Internationale Pour Participations Industrielles et Commerciales, S.A. v. Rogers, 357 U.S. 197 (1958) = 140
• Notes. How burden of proof may be affected by blocking statute ; settlement of principal case ; lifting of Swiss banking secrecy laws ; effect of blocking statutes on decision to order production and on sanctions for disobedience = 146
• In re Uranium Antitrust Litigation, 480 F.Supp. 1138 (N.D. Ill. 1979) = 146
• Note. "Balancing test" for ordering discovery and for extraterritorial application of law = 152
• United States v. First Nat'l Bank of Chicago, 699 F.2d 341 (7th Cir. 1983) = 152
• Notes. Use of "Second" and "Third" in referring to Restatements of Foreign Relations ; deliberate use of foreign blocking statute ; discovery on the jurisdictional issue ; ordering discovery in violation of foreign law = 155
• In re Asbestos Insurance Coverage Cases, (1985) 1 W.L.R. 331 (House of Lords) = 157
• Note. England permits discovery in U.S. in aid of English proceedings = 162
• Section 6. Currency Conversion = 163
• Note. Analysis of currency-conversion problem = 163
• In re Good Hope Chemical Corp., 747 F.2d 806 (1st Cir. 1984) = 165
• Notes. Supreme Court precedent on currency conversion ; "F.A.S" and Guide to Incoterms ; effect on U.S. judgment of payment of English judgment = 170
• 2. SUITS BY FOREIGN PLAINTIFFS = 173
• Section 1. Forum Shopping and Forum Non Conveniens = 173
• Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235 (1981) = 173
• Notes. Why an American forum is attractive to foreigners ; disparity between awards within EEC ; tactical use of transfers between federal courts ; review of ruling on forum non conveniens motion ; state forum non conveniens standards ; defamation as exception to attractiveness of United States forum ; obligation of courts in a magnet forum ; Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation treaties ; examples of courts applying public and private convenience factors = 182
• Harrison v. Wyeth Laboratories, 510 F. Supp. 1 (E.D. Pa. 1980) = 188
• Note. Conditions on granting forum non conveniens motion = 191
• In re Union Carbide Corp. Gas Plant Disaster at Bhopal, India, 809F.2d 195 (2dCir.) = 192
• Notes. Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Act ; review of denial of forum non conveniens motion ; collateral attack on Bophal settlement ; forum's granting relief after forum non conveniens dismissal ; India as inadequate forum ; waiver of limitations that ran before suit in forum = 198
• Lubbe v. Cape PLC, [2000] 1 W.L.R. 1545 (H.L.) = 200
• Notes. Implications of eliminating public factors from forum non conveniens analysis ; "substantial justice" as a factor ; Japan eliminates public factors = 206
• Section 2. Erie, Reverse Erie, and Litigation Strategy = 207
• Sibaja v. Dow Chemical Co., 757 F.2d 1215 (11th Cir. 1985) = 207
• Notes. Options available to foreign plaintiffs when their suits are dismissed in federal court ; the Erie Doctrine and forum non conveniens ; states that do not permit forum non conveniens dismissals or apply the doctrine restrictively as magnet forums ; tactics to prevent removal to federal court = 210
• Chick Kam Choo v. Exxon Corp., 486 U.S. 140 (1988) = 214
• Notes. Result in Chick Kam Choo in Texas court ; "reverse-Erie" doctrine not applicable to forum non conveniens ; Anti-Injunction Act not applicable when no ongoing state proceeding ; "strangers" exception to Act = 218
• Smith Kline & French Laboratories Ltd v. Bloch, (1983) 2 All E.R. 72 (Ct. App.) = 219
• Notes. Lord Denning's views on forum shopping ; development of forum non conveniens in England ; forum non conveniens under the Brussels Convention ; foreign anti-suit injunction as alternative to forum non conveniens dismissal = 224
• 3. RECOGNITION OF JUDGMENTS = 227
• Section 1. Bases for Non-Recognition = 227
• Hilton v. Guyot. 159 U.S. 113 (1895) = 227
• Notes. Reciprocity as basis for judgment recognition ; "intrinsic", "extrinsic" fraud ;change in French law = 231
• Somportex Ltd. v. Philadelphia Chewing Gum Corp., 453 F.2d 435 (3rd Cir. 1971) = 232
• Notes. Collateral attack under the Brussels Convention ; jura novit curia ; recognition of inconsistent judgments ; exorbitant bases for jurisdiction ; failed bilateral judgments treaty between United States and United Kingdom ; res judicata effect of failed collateral attack ; registration of U.S. judgments in Canada ; enforcement of foreign decree freezing assets in the United States ; extra-territorial service under United Kingdom law ; law applicable to judgment recognition in federal courts = 236
• Jet Holdings Inc. v. Patel, (1988) 3 W.L.R. 295 (Ct. App.) = 239
• Notes. English bases for recognizing personal jurisdiction in foreign courts ; English requirement of "substantial justice" ; English view of "presence" as a basis for jurisdiction ; recognition of judgments for punitive damages ; English view of collateral attack for fraud ; application of Brussels Convention in parallel proceeding to enforce judgment from outside EU ; recognition of foreign judgments ; Hague Conference judgment-recognition project = 244
• Section 2. Judgments Enforcing Public Law = 248
• United States of America v. Inkley, (1988) 3 W.L.R. 304 (Ct. App.) = 248
• Notes. Recognition of judgments for taxes and family support = 251
• Section 3. The Uniform Act = 251
• Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act = 251
• Notes. Fraud as basis for collateral attack ; "public policy" as basis for nonrecognition = 253
• Royal Bank of Canada v. Trentham Corp., 665 F.2d 515 (5th Cir. 1981) = 254
• Note. Variety of reciprocity requirements in some versions of Money-Judgments Act = 256
• Detamore v. Sullivan, 731 S.W.2d 122 (Tex. Civ. App.-Houston 1987) = 257
• Note. Notice and opportunity to be heard under Money-Judgments Act = 258
• 4. THE ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE = 261
• Section 1. Application and Exceptions = 261
• Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino, 376 U.S. 398 (1964) = 261
• Notes. The "Hickenlooper" amendment ; result on remand ; application of letter-of-credit proviso ; "a claim of title or other right to property" ; requirement of act by sovereign authority ; "commercial" exception ; Litvinov Assignment ; application of doctrine ; Libertad Act ; arbitration involving sovereigns = 271
• Section 2. Intangible Property = 274
• Allied Bank International v. Banco Credito Agricola de Cartago, 757 F.2d 516, (2d Cir. 1985) = 274
• Notes. "Situs" of a debt ; scope of Act of State doctrine ; "sovereign risk" and bank deposits in foreign branches = 277
• 5. FOREIGN SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY = 281
• Section 1. The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act = 281
• Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act = 281
• Notes. Other Code provisions affecting suits with foreign sovereigns ; when an "agency or instrumentality" is "a citizen of the United States" ; time for determining sovereign status ; choice of law under the FSIA ; distinctions in FSJA between treatment of "foreign state" and "agency or instrumentality" ; relationship between commercial and tort exceptions ; pooling and tiering to determine sovereign ownership ; application of the FSIA to individuals ; "organ of a foreign state" ; burden of proof ;Bankruptcy Act provisions = 289
• Verlinden B.V. v. Central Bank of Nigeria, 461 U.S. 480 (1983) = 295
• Notes. Grounds for jurisdiction in Verlinden ; background of Act = 300
• Section 2. Commercial or Governmental = 300
• Republic of Argentina v. Weltover. 504 U.S. 607 (1992) = 300
• Notes. Due process limits on personal jurisdiction under Act ; sovereign immunity in the United Kingdom ; "direct effect" = 303
• Saudi Arabia v. Nelson, 507 U.S. 349 (1993) = 305
• Notes. "Direct effect" ; commercial activity in U.S. = 311
• International Association of Machinists v. OPEC, 649 F.2d 1354 (9th Cir. 1981) = 312
• Note. Act is sole basis for jurisdiction over foreign sovereign = 316
• MOL, Inc. v. Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. 736 F.2d 1326 (9th Cir. 1984) = 316
• Notes. Choice between decision on act of state and sovereign immunity grounds ; commercial-governmental distinction = 318
• Section 3. Enforcing a Judgment = 319
• Letelier v. Republic of Chile, 748 F.2d 790 (2d Cir. 1984) = 319
• Notes. International Commission award re Letelier ; why LAN was not joined ; discretionary function exception ; implied waiver of immunity by violation of jus cogens standard ; state-sponsored terrorism amendment of FSIA = 324
• Joseph v. Office of the Consulate General of Nigeria, 830 F.2d 1018 (9th Cir. 1987) = 326
• Notes. Drafting of lease to foreign consulate ; use of state law to determine scope of employment" ; distinctions between consular and diplomatic immunity ; discretionary function exemption ; hiring as commercial activity ; waiver of diplomatic immunity ; implied waiver of sovereign immunity ; International Organizations Immunities Act = 332
• 6. EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF UNITED STATES LAW = 335
• Section 1. Antitrust Law = 335
• Restatement (Third) The Foreign Relations Law of the United States §§401, 402, 403, 415, 416 = 335
• Notes. "Jurisdiction to enforce" ; "effects" basis for jurisdiction to prescribe ; "passive personality" principle ; universal jurisdiction ; § 403's multi-factor reasonableness standard ; intended but no actual effect = 337
• Timberlane Lumber Co. v. Bank of America, 549 F.2d 597 (9th Cir. 1976) = 339
• Notes. Decision after remand in Timberlane ; range of opinion on proper territorial reach of U.S. antitrust law = 345
• Laker Airways Ltd. v. Sabena, Belgian World Airlines, 731 F.2d 909 (D.C. Cir. 1984) = 347
• Note. Territoriality and nationality as bases for jurisdiction to prescribe = 353
• Agreement Between the United States and the United Kingdom Concerning Air Services ("Bermuda Ⅱ") = 353
• Note. Relevance of Treaty to antitrust suit = 354
• British Airways Board v. Laker Airways Ltd, (1985) 1 A.C.58 (1984) (House of Lords) = 355
• Notes. English and Australian "Clawback" Acts ; enjoining suit by Laker's liquidator ; settlement of Laker litigation = 361
• Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California, 509 U.S. 764 (1993) = 362
• Notes. Ambiguity of Justice Souter's opinion ; Justice Scalia's treatment of 403 ; relevance of McCarron-Ferguson exemption ; Ninth Circuit retains tripartite analysis = 369
• British Nylon Spinners v. Imperial Chemical Industries, [1953] 1 Ch. 19 = 371
• Notes. Subsequent proceedings in British Nylon Spinners ; Judge Ryan's findings concerning what British Nylon Spinners knew at time of purchase = 373
• McGlinchy v. Shell Chemical Co., 845 F.2d 802 (9th Cir. 1988) = 374
• Notes. Effect of 15 U.S.C. § 6a on Timberlane ; purpose of § 6a = 377
• Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines for International Operations-1995 = 377
• Notes. Sovereign compulsion as defense ; recommendation of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on the extraterritorial application of antitrust law = 379
• Lucchino v. Foreign Countries of Brazil, et al. 476 A.2d 1369 (Pa. Cmwlth. Ct. 1984) = 379
• Note. Pennsylvania "buy America" statute ; United States-Germany Treaty of Friendship ; state legislation that interferes with foreign affairs = 381
• Japan-United States : Agreement on Semiconductor Trade (1986) = 382
• European Community Declaration Concerning Japanese-United States Agreement on Semiconductor Trade = 384
• Notes. Subsequent Japan-U.S. semiconductor agreements ; antitrust agreements between U.S. and EU, Australia, France, Germany, Canada ; International Antitrust Enforcement Assistance Act ; recognition of "effects" doctrine abroad ; The Court of Justice of the European Communities applies EU antitrust law to foreign producers (The "Wood Pulp Case") ; U.S. companies obtain antitrust remedies against other U.S. companies from EU Commission ; EU Merger Control Rules ; comparative antitrust law = 385
• Section 2. Securities Law = 388
• Zoelsch v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 824 F.2d 27 (D.C. Cir. 1987) = 388
• Notes. Application of U.S. securities law to protect U.S. and foreign investors ; agreements between the U.S. and Switzerland and the U.S. and Japan on cooperation in enforcement of securities laws ; modification of requirement of U.S. registration for foreign securities offered to U.S. investors = 394
• Section 3. Other Problems = 397
• Restatement (Third) The Foreign Relations Law of the United States § 414 = 397
• Notes. Distinction between branches and subsidiaries ; The U.S.S.R.-Western Europe Pipeline incident ; acts of U.S. regulatory agencies affecting operations abroad ; Iran & Libyan Sanctions Act ; Cuban Liberty & Democratic Solidarity Act ; extraterritorial application of other U.S. public laws = 398
• 7. CIVIL SUITS FOR ATROCITIES THAT VIOLATE INTERNATIONAL LAW = 403
• Section 1. The Alien Tort Claims Act = 403
• Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, 630 F.2d 876 (2d Cir. 1980) = 403
• Notes. State responsibility for acts of individuals ; construction and application of the ATCA ; choice of law under the ATCA ; federal question jurisdiction although state or foreign law applies ; codification in the United Kingdom of the European Convention on Human Rights = 408
• Section 2. The Torture Victim Protection Act = 413
• Torture Victim Protection Act = 413
• Note. Time limitations under the TVPA = 414
• Kadic v. Karadzic, 70 F.3d 232 (2d Cir. 1995) = 415
• Notes. Jurisdiction over Karadzic ; judgments against Karacizic ; international criminal tribunals ; immunity of individuals under the FSIA ; international law as federal law ; head-of-state immunity = 424
• 8. DAMAGES RESULTING FROM INTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS : THE WARSAW CONVENTION = 427
• Section 1. Current and Proposed Recovery Rules = 427
• The Warsaw Convention = 427
• Civil Aeronautics Board Order Concerning Hague Protocol and Montreal Agreement = 433
• Note. Protocols amending Warsaw Convention ; IATA agreement removing liability limits for personal injury and death ; proposed Montreal Convention = 435
• Montreal Convention = 436
• Note. Recovery under the Montreal Convention ; plaintiff strategy ; important issues under IATA Agreement and Montreal Convention = 443
• Section 2. Defining Convention Terms and Determining Preemption = 444
• Air France v. Saks, 470 U.S. 392 (1985) = 444
• Note. Meaning of "accident" = 449
• Eastern Airlines, Inc. v. Floyd, 499 U.S. 530 (1991) = 450
• Zicherman v. Korean Air Lines Co., Ltd., 516 U.S. 217 (1996) = 454
• Notes. Choice of law under Warsaw Convention ; amendment of Death on the High Seas Act to permit recovery of nonpecuniary damages = 457
• El Al Israel Airlines, Ltd. v. Tseng, 525 U.S. 155 (1999) = 457
• Notes. Defining Convention terms = 459
• 9. INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION = 463
• Section 1. Duty to Return the Child = 463
• Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction = 463
• Notes. United States ratification ; implementing legislation and regulations ; return under Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act and Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act ; Inter-American Convention on International Repatriation of Children ; European Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions Concerning Custody of Children and on Restoration of Custody of Children ; applicable law when both Hague and European Conventions are in force = 469
• Friedrich v. Friedrich, 983 F.2d 1396 (6th Cir. 1993) = 472
• Notes. The duty to return ; "habitual residence" ; problems of enforcement in some signatory countries ; decision on remand in Friedrich = 477
• Section 2. Exceptions to the Duty to Return = 481
• Tahan v. Duquette ; 613 A.2d 486 (N.J. App. 1992) = 481
• Notes. "Intolerable situation" ; child's objections ; acquiescence in removal ; rights of fugitive from justice = 483
• 10. LETTERS OF CREDIT = 487
• Introduction : Operation of letters of credit ; U.S. banks' inability to guaranty ; Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits ; UCC Article 5 ; Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letters of Credit ; International Standby Practices = 487
• Section 1. Compliance with Terms of the Letter = 489
• Banco Espanol de Credito v. State Street Bank and Trust Co., 385 F.2d 230 (1st Cir. 1967) = 489
• Notes. Strict compliance ; high percentage of document discrepancy and rejection ;"advising bank", "confirming bank", "nominated bank", "drawee bank" ; inspection certificates ; jurisdiction in wrongful dishonor suit = 493
• Section 2. Enjoining Payment = 495
• Trans Meridian Trading Inc. v. Empresa Nacional de Comercializacion de Insumos, 829 F.2d 949 (9th Gir. 1987) = 495
• Notes. Enjoining payment on a letter of credit = 500
• Foxboro Co. v. Arabian American Oil Co., 805 F.2d 34 (1st Cir. 1986) = 502
• Section 3. Political Risks = 504
• Note. Problems arising from letters of credit issued before the revolution in favor of Iranian beneficiaries = 504
• Harris Corp. v. National Iranian Radio and Television, 691 F.2d 1344 (11th Cir. 1982) = 504
• Declaration of Algeria Concerning Settlement of Claims by the United States and Iran = 510
• 11. ARBITRATION = 513
• Introduction : reasons to prefer arbitration to litigation = 513
• Section 1. Conventions and Model Law = 514
• Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration = 514
• Notes. Ratification of Inter-American Convention ; comparison of Inter-American and New York Conventions ; North American Free Trade Agreement = 515
• Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States = 516
• Notes. Ratification ; immunity of a State from execution = 527
• UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration = 528
• Notes. Use of Model Law ; "ex aequo et bono", "amiable compositeur", "lex mercatoria" ; enforcing agreements that arbitrators apply lex mercatoria = 539
• Section 2. Judicial Assistance and Interference = 541
• Introduction. Court review of arbitration awards ; developments in England = 541
• Pioneer Shipping Ltd. v. B.T.P. Tioxide Ltd. ("The Nema") (1981) 2 All E.R. 1030 (House of Lords) = 542
• Notes. English standards for appeal from award ; interim judicial assistance ; stay of confirmation of award ; exclusion from Brussels Convention = 547
• Section 3. Awards of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal = 551
• Ministry of Defense of Islamic Republic of Iran v. Gould inc. 887 F.2d 1357 (9th Cir. 1989) = 551
• Notes. Tendency to enforce international arbitral awards ; relevance of awards of Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal = 556