The accelerating wave of smart-city development has reshaped the global discourse on urban transformation. Yet, despite their technological sophistication, many smart cities have failed to achieve inclusiveness and sustainability. This dissertation in...
The accelerating wave of smart-city development has reshaped the global discourse on urban transformation. Yet, despite their technological sophistication, many smart cities have failed to achieve inclusiveness and sustainability. This dissertation investigates why such initiatives often remain incomplete or fragmented—what this study conceptualizes as “hemi-transitions”—and how a more holistic transformation, or “holo-transition,” can be realized. The central argument is that contemporary smart-city transitions have been dominated by infrastructural niches—such as ICT expansion, automation, and industrial innovation—while insufficiently integrating the superstructural dimensions of policy, governance, and social inclusion. This imbalance between structure and agency produces transition gaps that perpetuate inequality, limit citizen participation, and ultimately undermine the transformative capacity of urban innovation systems.
To address this problem, the dissertation adopts a multi-method and multi-scalar design that integrates quantitative spatial econometric analysis with qualitative institutional case studies. The first empirical essay examines digital divides across 229 Korean cities, revealing that inequalities in digital access and capability exhibit strong spatial dependence. Technological diffusion alone does not guarantee equitable outcomes; rather, local governance capacity—including planning autonomy, policy coordination, and participatory mechanisms—emerges as a decisive factor in mitigating digital inequality.
The second essay focuses on smart-grid development in the United States, analyzing how advanced energy technologies such as automated metering and dynamic pricing interact with socioeconomic conditions. The findings show that while smart grids improve efficiency and resilience, they can inadvertently worsen energy poverty when implemented without social safeguards. Conversely, inclusive programs that combine participatory demand-side response mechanisms with targeted subsidies demonstrate measurable improvements in energy justice.
The third essay, based on cross-national living-lab cases in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Porto Digital, Gimhae, and Toronto, uncovers the paradox of participatory innovation. Despite their intention to democratize experimentation, living labs often reproduce hierarchical forms of knowledge control—epistemic gatekeeping—through technical, procedural, institutional, and symbolic exclusion.
Building on these empirical insights, the dissertation introduces the conceptual framework of Holo-Transition, which envisions a complete socio-technical transformation integrating the evolution of both infrastructure and superstructure. Holo-Transition entails not only technological co-evolution but also reflexive governance, epistemic democracy, and redistributive justice. It emphasizes that inclusiveness should not be treated as a policy add-on but as an inherent dynamic that sustains long-term system stability and social legitimacy. By synthesizing elements from the multi-level perspective, transition theory, and urban innovation literature, the study positions the city as a meso-level system where macro-level institutional frameworks and micro-level citizen practices converge. In doing so, it reframes the notion of smartness from a technological status to a relational and social capacity for adaptation and inclusion.
Theoretically, the dissertation contributes to the field of socio-technical transitions by extending its normative orientation beyond sustainability and efficiency to encompass inclusion and justice. Policy-wise, the research calls for comprehensive digital-justice frameworks that align infrastructural investments with literacy programs and participatory governance; inclusive energy transitions that integrate affordability, accessibility, and community-based ownership into smart-grid design; and institutional reforms in living labs that shift from symbolic participation toward co-creation and co-ownership models. Furthermore, recognizing the spatial spillover of innovation and inequality, the dissertation emphasizes multi-scalar governance and inter-city collaboration as necessary conditions for achieving equitable urban transitions.
Ultimately, this study argues that the pursuit of a truly smart and inclusive city is not merely a technological challenge but a socio-political negotiation that requires the synchronization of innovation, governance, and ethics. The Holo-Transition framework thus provides a theoretical and practical pathway toward cities that are technologically advanced yet socially cohesive—urban systems where innovation is mobilized not for market efficiency alone but for collective well-being, distributive justice, and epistemic democracy. By conceptualizing inclusiveness as both a process and an outcome of socio-technical evolution, this dissertation contributes to a new paradigm of inclusive urban transition, capable of bridging the persistent divide between modernization and human dignity in the age of digital urbanism.