14 세기 초 영국에서의 위법행위의 실태와 처벌 - 에일 ( ale ) 의 양조 및 판매와 관련하여 - = An Illegal Act and Punishment in the Early Fourteenth Century England : with Reference to Ale Brewing and Sale

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

An Illegal Act and Punishment in the Early Fourteenth Century England :with Reference to Ale Brewing and Sale The objective of the article is to explain the answers of the following questions. First, who is mainly in charge of brewing and sales of ale? Second, what kind of relationship exist between the Great Famine and the crime which is directly related to brewing and sales of ale? Third, if somebody breaks the law of brewing and sales of ale, how serious he or she would get punished? Fourth, how the restriction of brewing and sales of ale at the beginning of the 14th century and daily life of British people in those days are related each other? In order ot explain the answers of all these questions, I choose Wakerfield Court Rolls(1274∼1331), which is court record of Wakerfield manor in Yorkshire. I analyze 868 cases and i finally reach to the following conclusions. While women - especially married women - were mainly involved in brewing and sales of ale, men were mainly involved in making false measures. According to Prof. Barbara Hanawalt, crime increase during the Great Famine(11315∼1317). But the crime, which is related to brewing and sales of ale, did not increase during that period. This is maybe the result of strict supervision of ale keeper. However, this is because the fact that grain supply was not enough to brew ale during the Great Famine and it made to decrease the demand of ale. It is also proved that there is no relationship between the increase of fine and the Great Famine. Fewer than 6 pence fine consists of 80% of the entire fine, which is related to brewing and sales of ale. It is also interesting that nobody was hanged because of the ale-related violation of law. This means that the ale-related violation of law was not felony. There was probably loose social order, considering the fact that the control of ale brewing and sales was loose, even though ale was very important in daily life of people during those days. This is also supported by the fact that many kings have declared all different types of Assize of Ale at many times, since Henry Ⅲ declared Assina Panis et Cervisiae in 1267, but it did not smoothly work.