Achieving a highly uniform temperature field at elevated temperatures is a critical requirement in precision thermometry and numerous high-value industrial applications. However, in the intermediate-to-high temperature range (500 ℃ - 700 ℃), tempe...
Achieving a highly uniform temperature field at elevated temperatures is a critical requirement in precision thermometry and numerous high-value industrial applications. However, in the intermediate-to-high temperature range (500 ℃ - 700 ℃), temperature inhomogeneities on the order of several tens of kelvins are inevitable due to enhanced heat losses and the relatively low thermal conductivity of high-temperature materials (e.g., stainless steel, Inconel). To address these limitations, heat pipes employing alkali metal working fluids were fabricated in this work. Specifically, an annular heat pipe liner was fabricated to realize a cylindrical isothermal region with dimensions of 70 mm × 410 mm (diameter × length), and a flat vapor chamber was designed to realize a planar isothermal region of 200 mm × 200 mm (length × width). Potassium was initially considered as the working fluid due to its suitable saturation vapor pressure. However, to alleviate working fluid injection difficulties arising from the complex geometry (i.e., high aspect ratio) of the flat vapor chamber, a sodium-potassium eutectic alloy (NaK) was employed, leveraging its liquid phase at room temperature. The temperature uniformity characteristics of the heat pipes were evaluated using a temperature uniformity factor defined by temperature variations within the measurement region with the investigated parameters including the operating temperature, working fluid mass, initial non-condensable gas (NCG) pressure, and inclination angle. Regarding the effect of the operating temperature, the heat pipes were operated in a temperature range from 600 K to 1000 K with increments of 100 K. Below 700 K, the heat pipes failed to operate due to the insufficient saturation vapor pressure difference to drive the vapor phase working fluid flow (i.e., the viscous limit). However, above 700 K, the temperature uniformities of the heat pipes were significantly improved as a sufficient pressure difference was established. In terms of the working fluid mass, the charging ratio - the volume of the working fluid relative to the void volume of the wick - was varied from 0.2 to 1.1 with increments of 0.3. At charging ratios below 0.5, the annular heat pipe liner was not operational due to insufficient working fluid mass. However, at charging ratios above 0.5, the temperature uniformity of the annular heat pipe liner was improved with increasing temperature, with the best performance observed at a charging ratio of 1.1. These results indicate that the minimum charging ratio required for the operation of the heat pipe liner as an isothermal region is 0.5, while the optimum charging ratio for achieving maximum temperature uniformity is 1.1. As for the effect of NCG, the initial NCG pressure was increased from 0 kPa to 1 kPa in increments of 0.25 kPa. As the initial NCG pressure increased, the region occupied by the NCG within the vapor flow region expanded, leading to a decrease in temperature uniformity and an increase in the minimum operating temperature required for the annular heat pipe liner to function. However, it was observed that as the operating temperature increased, a sufficient saturation vapor pressure difference was established within the device, thereby diminishing the influence of the initial NCG pressure. To evaluate the effect of the inclination angle on the temperature uniformity of the flat vapor chamber, tests were conducted at angles of 0°, 45°, and 90°. It was observed that the flat vapor chamber operated reliably across all tested inclination angles, with only marginal variations in the temperature uniformity factor. These results demonstrate that the influence of the inclination angle on the temperature uniformity performance of the device is negligible.