The disposal of nickel–cobalt–manganese (NCM) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) has been rapidly increasing worldwide. To enable sustainable and environmentally friendly recycling, this study investigates the bio...
The disposal of nickel–cobalt–manganese (NCM) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) has been rapidly increasing worldwide. To enable sustainable and environmentally friendly recycling, this study investigates the bioleaching of spent NCM and waste PCBs using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The effects of various experimental conditions on metal recovery were systematically evaluated to determine optimal leaching conditions for each target metal. To examine the influence of incubation time on leaching performance, experiments were conducted at a pulp density (PD) of 1% under two different approaches: bioleaching without prior microbial incubation and bioleaching using long-term cultured media. The non-incubated bioleaching experiments were performed under an initial pH of 2 and under conditions where pH 2 was continuously maintained. For the long-term culture approach, leaching efficiencies obtained using culture media collected during the microbial growth phase (7 days) and after prolonged incubation (30 days) were compared. In addition, culture replacement experiments were conducted using growth-phase (7 days) culture media at pulp densities of 1%, 5%, and 10%. All experiments were carried out at an initial pH of 2, 30 ℃, and 150 rpm. Dissolved nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), and lithium (Li) were analyzed for NCM samples, while aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) were analyzed for PCB samples. For both NCM and PCBs, the highest leaching efficiencies were achieved in the non-incubated bioleaching experiments under conditions where pH 2 was continuously maintained with microbial inoculation. In the case of NCM, maximum recovery efficiencies of Ni, Co, Mn, and Li reached 100%, 100%, 92.9%, and 84.1%, respectively. For pre-calcined PCBs, recovery efficiencies of Al and Cu were both 100%, while post-calcined PCBs exhibited recovery efficiencies of 75.2% and 83.7%, respectively. Maintaining acidic conditions was found to enhance metal ion solubility and optimize microbial activity, thereby maximizing leaching efficiency. Overall, the results demonstrate that valuable metals contained in spent NCM and waste PCBs can be effectively recovered with high efficiency through environmentally friendly and cost-effective bioleaching processes.