Internet law and regulation

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface to the Third Edition = xxi
• Preface to the First Edition = xxiii
• Table of Cases = xxv
• Table of Statutes = xxxv
• Table of Statutory Instruments = xxxix
• Table of European Legislation and International Conventions = xli
• Table of Foreign Legislation = xlv
• 1 Overview of the Internet = 1
• 1.1 The Internet : what is it? = 1
• 1.2 The Internet : who's who and what do they do? = 3
• 1.2.1 Infrastructure and network providers = 3
• 1.2.2 Content providers = 5
• 1.2.3 Hosts = 7
• 1.2.4 Administrators = 8
• 1.2.5 Access providers = 9
• 1.2.6 Navigation providers = 11
• 1.2.7 Transaction facilitators = 11
• 1.3 Broadband networks - goodbye to the information superhighway = 12
• 2 Copyright, Patents and Confidential Information = 13
• 2.1 Introduction = 13
• 2.2 Copyright - general = 13
• 2.2.1 Digitisation and dematerialisation of information = 13
• 2.2.2 The WIPO Treaties = 15
• 2.2.3 Europe - the Copyright in the Information Society Directive = 16
• 2.2.4 USA - the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998 = 21
• 2.3 What is copyright? = 22
• 2.3.1 The development of copyright = 22
• 2.3.2 What is protected? = 22
• 2.3.3 Authorship and ownership = 23
• 2.3.4 Period of copyright = 23
• 2.4 Moral rights = 24
• 2.5 Database right = 24
• 2.6 Copyright and database right infringement = 27
• 2.6.1 Introduction = 27
• 2.6.2 Applying copyright to the Internet = 29
• 2.6.3 Web linking and related activities = 32
• 2.7 Liability of hosts and access providers for third party material = 42
• 2.7.1 The Electronic Commerce Directive = 42
• 2.7.2 U.S. and other cases = 42
• 2.7.3 U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act = 44
• 2.7.4 United Kingdom analysis = 45
• 2.7.5 Linking liability = 45
• 2.7.6 Caches and mirrors = 47
• 2.7.7 Remedies for infringement = 48
• 2.8 Electronic publishing on the Internet - copyright issues = 49
• 2.9 Protection of confidential information = 50
• 2.9.1 What is protectable confidential information? = 51
• 2.9.2 What is an obligation of confidence? = 51
• 2.9.3 How does an obligation of confidence arise? = 51
• 2.9.3 How long does an obligation of confidence last? = 53
• 2.9.4 How is confidential information protected? = 54
• 2.9.6 Theft and industrial espionage = 54
• 2.9.7 Transmitting confidential information by the Internet = 55
• 2.9.8 Misuse of confidential information on the Internet = 55
• 2.10 Patents = 57
• 2.10.1 Patents and protecting ideas = 57
• 2.10.2 Patenting the Internet = 58
• 2.10.3 Business method patents - U.S. = 58
• 2.10.4 Internet Publications as Prior Art under the EPC = 60
• 2.10.5 Patentability of software - Europe = 62
• 2.10.6 Patentability of software - United Kingdom = 65
• 2.10.7 Business method patents - Europe = 66
• 2.10.8 Patent Infringement and the Internet = 68
• 3 Trade Marks and Domain Names = 73
• 3.1 Trade marks and branding = 73
• 3.1.1 Trade marks = 73
• 3.1.2 Branding - choice and use = 75
• 3.1.3 Proper use = 75
• 3.2 Trade mark clashes on the Internet = 76
• 3.2.1 Genuine disputes = 76
• 3.2.2 Cybersquatting = 78
• 3.3 Domain names = 78
• 3.3.1 What are domain names and how do they work? = 78
• 3.2.2 Who controls the domain name system? = 79
• 3.3.3 How does substantive law apply to domain names? = 83
• 3.3.4 Scrutiny of domain name applications = 88
• 3.3.5 Trade marks and domain names - the future = 91
• 3.3.6 The rise of the domain name dispute = 91
• 3.3.7 Domain name registry dispute policies = 100
• 3.3.8 Corporate trade mark and domain name protection policies = 102
• 3.4 Metatags, wordstuffing and keyword sales = 104
• 3.4.1 Metatags = 104
• 3.4.2 Wordstuffing = 106
• 3.4.3 Search engine keyword sales = 106
• 3.5 Non-United Kingdom domain names - Australia = 107
• 3.5.1 The .au domain = 107
• 3.5.2 Registration Process = 107
• 3.5.3 Dispute Resolution Policy = 108
• 3.5.4 Other means of resolving "cybersquatting" disputes = 109
• 3.6 Non-United Kingdom domain names - Belgium = 110
• 3.6.1 Domain Name Registration Authority = 110
• 3.6.2 Registration System = 110
• 3.6.3 Dispute Settlement Procedure = 111
• 3.6.4 Court Decisions = 112
• 3.6.5 Protection of Domain Names under Belgian Law = 112
• 3.7 Non-United Kingdom Domain Names - Canada = 113
• 3.7.1 Domain name registration = 113
• 3.7.2 Domain name disputes = 116
• 3.8 Non-United Kingdom domain names - Finland = 121
• 3.8.1 Registration = 121
• 3.8.2 Disputes = 122
• 3.8.3 Comments = 123
• 3.9 Non-United Kingdom domain names - France = 123
• 3.9.1 Registration = 124
• 3.9.2 Disputes = 124
• 3.10 Non-United Kingdom domain names - Germany = 126
• 3.10.1 Status of Germany's domain name registry = 126
• 3.10.2 General description of Germany's domain name system = 126
• 3.10.3 Disputes policy = 126
• 3.10.4 Legal cases in Germany = 127
• 3.10.5 Relevant laws = 128
• 3.11 Non-United Kingdom domain names - Hong Kong = 129
• 3.11.1 Registration = 129
• 3.11.2 Disputes = 130
• 3.12 Non-United Kingdom domain names - Israel = 132
• 3.12.1 Registration = 132
• 3.12.2 Resolving question of rights to domain names at the registration stage = 132
• 3.12.3 Domain name disputes = 133
• 3.13 Non-United Kingdom domain names - Japan = 135
• 3.13.1 Registration = 135
• 3.13.2 Disputes Resolution Policy = 136
• 3.13.3 Legal cases = 138
• 3.13.4 Legislation = 139
• 3.14 Non-United Kingdom domain names - The Netherlands = 140
• 3.14.1 Registration = 140
• 3.14.2 Disputes = 141
• 3.15 Non-United Kingdom domain names - New Zealand = 142
• 3.15.1 Registration of domain names = 142
• 3.15.2 Domain name disputes = 144
• 3.16 Non-United Kingdom domain names - Singapore = 144
• 3.16.1 Registration = 144
• 3.16.2 Disputes = 145
• 3.17 Non-United Kingdom domain names - Sweden = 146
• 3.17.1 Introduction = 146
• 3.17.2 The domain name regulations = 146
• 3.17.3 Applicable legislation and disputes under the ".se" TLD = 148
• 3.18 Non-United Kingdom domain names - Switzerland = 148
• 3.18.1 Status of Switzerland's domain name registry = 148
• 3.18.2 General description of Switzerland's domain name system = 148
• 3.18.3 Disputes = 149
• 3.18.4 Legal cases in Switzerland = 149
• 3.18.5 Relevant Laws = 151
• 3.19 Non-United Kingdom domain names - USA = 152
• 3.19.1 Domain names = 152
• 3.19.2 Registration = 153
• 3.19.3 ICANN domain name dispute resolution policy = 153
• 3.19.4 Relationship between UDRP proceedings and remedies under other U.S. law = 154
• 3.19.5 The Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act = 155
• 3.19.6 Disputes under the ACPA = 156
• 3.19.7 Damage awards = 158
• 3.19.8 Domain names used for criticism or as parody = 158
• 3.19.9 State anticybersquatting statutes = 159
• 3.19.10 Meta tags and other forms of Internet trademark infringement = 159
• 4 Defamation = 171
• 4.1 Introduction = 171
• 4.2 Defamation - general = 172
• 4.3 Liability for defamatory statements over networks = 172
• 4.3.1 Nature of problem posed by dissemination over networks = 172
• 4.3.2 Defamation Act 1996 - the Section 1 defence for secondary disseminators = 175
• 4.3.3 Judicial analysis of the Section 1 defence = 177
• 4.3.4 Publication at common law and the 1996 Act = 178
• 4.3.5 Authors, editors and publishers under the 1996 Act = 179
• 4.3.6 Which Internet players can claim subordinate disseminator status? = 181
• 4.3.7 Defamation Act 1996 - standard of care = 184
• 4.4 What constitutes publication? = 186
• 4.4.1 E-mail = 187
• 4.4.2 Liability for linked content = 187
• 4.5 Some U.S. comparisons = 188
• 5 Content Liability and Protection = 193
• 5.1 Introduction = 193
• 5.2 Incorrect information - negligence liability = 193
• 5.2.1 General principles of negligence liability = 193
• 5.2.2 Liability for incorrect information = 194
• 5.3 Incorrect information - strict liability = 197
• 5.4 Viruses = 197
• 5.4.1 Negligence liability for virus dissemination = 197
• 5.4.2 Rylands v. Fletcher and virus dissemination = 198
• 5.4.3 Liability in trespass for virus dissemination = 199
• 5.5 Restricting liability = 199
• 5.5.1 Unilateral notices and contractual terms = 199
• 5.5.2 Preventing liability arising = 201
• 5.5.3 Territory statements = 202
• 5.5.4 Consumer protection legislation = 202
• 5.6 Protecting content = 204
• 5.7 Liability of on-line intermediaries = 204
• 5.7.1 Electronic Commerce Directive = 204
• 5.7.2 Beyond the Electronic Commerce Directive = 209
• 5.8 Employer liability, e-mail and Internet access policies = 212
• 5.8.1 Electronic communication risks = 212
• 5.8.2 Liability for acts of employees = 213
• 5.8.3 Employment Tribunal decisions = 217
• 5.8.4 Electronic communication policies = 218
• 5.9 Employer access to workplace communications = 219
• 5.9.1 Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 = 219
• 5.9.2 The RIP Act Lawful Business Practice Regulations = 227
• 5.9.3 The Data Protection Act 1998 = 231
• 5.9.4 The Human Rights Act 1998 = 234
• 6 Enforcement and Jurisdiction = 241
• 6.1 Enforcement in England = 241
• 6.1.1 Identifying the defendant = 242
• 6.1.2 Identifying the wrongdoer - Norwich Pharmacal orders = 242
• 6.1.3 Transient nature of Internet evidence = 245
• 6.1.4 Transportability of sites = 245
• 6.1.5 Mirror sites = 247
• 6.2 Jurisdiction - when can the claimant bring proceedings in England? = 247
• 6.2.1 Background = 247
• 6.2.2 Jurisdiction - Defendant domiciled within a Brussels Convention Contracting State = 249
• 6.2.3 Jurisdiction - Defendant not domiciled within a Brussels Convention Contracting State = 263
• 6.2.4 Extra-territorial injunctions = 265
• 6.3 "Country of origin" rules = 266
• 6.3.1 Background = 266
• 6.3.2 The Electronic Commerce Directive = 266
• 6.4 Australia = 278
• 6.4.1 Misuse of Registered and Unregistered Trade Marks = 278
• 6.4.2 Copyright = 280
• 6.4.3 Defamation = 281
• 6.4.4 Misleading information／False representations - Trade Practices Act 1974／State Fair Trading Acts = 282
• 6.4.5 Liability of Internet Service Providers for infringing content = 283
• 6.4.6 Cybercrimes = 284
• 6.5 Belgium = 285
• 6.5.1 Jurisdiction applicable to foreign web sites = 285
• 6.5.2 Which law will a Belgian court apply? = 286
• 6.5.3 Criminal responsibility : defamation and slander = 288
• 6.5.4 Content liability = 289
• 6.5.5 Copyright infringement = 290
• 6.5.6 Trademark law = 290
• 6.6 Canada = 291
• 6.6.1 Jurisdiction = 291
• 6.6.2 Defamation = 291
• 6.6.3 Inaccurate information = 293
• 6.6.4 Copyright = 293
• 6.6.5 Trade marks = 294
• 6.7 Finland = 294
• 6.7.1 Defamation = 294
• 6.7.2 Content liability = 295
• 6.7.3 Copyright infringement = 296
• 6.7.4 Trade mark infringement = 297
• 6.8 France = 298
• 6.8.1 Introduction = 298
• 6.8.2 Governing law and jurisdiction for foreign websites = 298
• 6.8.3 Defamation = 299
• 6.8.4 Copyright = 300
• 6.8.5 Trademarks = 300
• 6.8.6 Content liability = 300
• 6.9 Germany = 301
• 6.9.1 Jurisdiction = 301
• 6.9.2 Defamation = 302
• 6.9.3 Incorrect information = 302
• 6.9.4 Copyright = 302
• 6.9.5 Trade marks = 303
• 6.10 Hong Kong = 303
• 6.10.1 Jurisdiction = 303
• 6.10.2 Defamation = 308
• 6.10.3 Liability for Erroneous or Misleading Content = 309
• 6.10.4 Copyright = 309
• 6.10.5 Trade marks = 310
• 6.10.6 Online gambling = 310
• 6.10.7 Reunification = 312
• 6.10.8 Conclusions = 313
• 6.11 Israel = 313
• 6.11.1 Jurisdictional issues relating to foreign Web site proprietors = 313
• 6.11.2 Forum non conveniens = 314
• 6.11.3 Defamation = 315
• 6.11.4 Content liability = 316
• 6.11.5 Copyright = 316
• 6.11.6 Trade marks = 318
• 6.11.7 Web site notices = 319
• 6.12 Japan = 319
• 6.12.1 General = 319
• 6.12.2 Judicial jurisdiction = 319
• 6.12.3 Choice of law = 321
• 6.12.4 Cases = 322
• 6.12.5 Territory notices = 323
• 6.13 The Netherlands = 323
• 6.13.1 Jurisdiction = 323
• 6.13.2 Applicable law = 325
• 6.13.3 Copyright = 326
• 6.13.4 Trade mark／trade name in a web site = 327
• 6.14 New Zealand = 328
• 6.14.1 Defamation = 328
• 6.14.2 Content Liability = 329
• 6.14.3 Copyright Infringement = 330
• 6.14.4 Trade Mark Infringement = 332
• 6.15 Singapore = 333
• 6.15.1 Jurisdiction = 333
• 6.15.2 Defamation = 333
• 6.15.3 Inaccurate Information = 334
• 6.15.4 Copyright = 334
• 6.15.5 Trade marks = 336
• 6.15.6 Territory disclaimers = 336
• 6.15.7 General = 336
• 6.16 Sweden = 337
• 6.16.1 General Principles of Penal Jurisdiction = 337
• 6.16.2 General Principles of Civil Jurisdiction = 338
• 6.16.3 Server Location = 339
• 6.16.4 Defamation = 339
• 6.16.5 Content liability = 339
• 6.16.6 Copyright Law generally = 340
• 6.16.7 Copyright infringement = 340
• 6.16.8 Trade Mark Infringement = 341
• 6.17 Switzerland = 341
• 6.17.1 International jurisdiction of Swiss courts - general comments = 341
• 6.17.2 Defamation = 342
• 6.17.3 Content liability = 343
• 6.17.4 Copyright infringement = 344
• 6.17.5 Trademark infringement = 345
• 6.18 USA = 345
• 6.18.1 U.S. jurisdictional analysis = 345
• 6.18.2 Internet jurisdiction analysis = 347
• 6.18.3 Some additional practitioner notes = 350
• 6.18.4 Disclaimer defence? = 353
• 7 Data Protection = 367
• 7.1 Why data protection is relevant to the internet = 367
• 7.1.1 Publishing personal data = 367
• 7.1.2 Holding material on an internal database or computer system with Internet connectivity = 368
• 7.1.3 Sending information by Internet e-mail = 368
• 7.1.4 Acquisition of data from a person visiting an Internet resource such as a Web site = 369
• 7.2 EU Directive on Data Protection = 371
• 7.2.1 General = 371
• 7.2.2 Applicable national law = 371
• 7.2.3 Cross-border data transfers to non-EEA countries = 372
• 7.2.4 Application of the Directive to the Internet = 372
• 7.3 The 1998 Act's definitions = 374
• 7.3.1 "Data" = 374
• 7.3.2 "Personal data" = 374
• 7.3.3 "Processing" = 375
• 7.3.4 "Data controller" = 376
• 7.3.5 "Data processor" = 376
• 7.3.6 "Obtaining", "recording", "using" and "disclosing" = 376
• 7.4 The 1998 Act's data protection principles = 377
• 7.4.1 First principle(fair and lawful obtaining and processing) = 377
• 7.4.2 Second principle(specified and lawful purposes) = 381
• 7.4.3 Third, fourth and fifth principles(adequacy, relevance, up-to-dateness and period of retention) = 381
• 7.4.4 Sixth principle(rights of data subjects) = 382
• 7.4.5 Seventh principle(security) = 382
• 7.4.6 Eight principle(transborder data flows) = 383
• 7.5 The 1998 Act's exemptions = 385
• 7.5.1 Primary exemptions = 386
• 7.5.2 Miscellaneous exemptions = 388
• 7.6 Offences under the 1998 Act = 390
• 7.7 Enforcement and remedies under the 1998 Act = 390
• 7.7.1 Enforcement notices(sections 40 and 41) = 390
• 7.7.2 Request for assessment(section 42) = 391
• 7.7.3 Information notices(sections 43 and 44) = 391
• 7.7.4 Powers of entry and inspection(section 50 and Schedule 9) = 393
• 7.7.5 Civil Remedies = 393
• 7.8 Transitional provisions(Schedule 8) = 398
• 7.9 Conclusions = 399
• 8 Telecommunications and Broadcast Regulation = 401
• 8.1 Introduction = 401
• 8.1.1 Regulatory background = 402
• 8.2 Telecommunications licensing and regulation = 403
• 8.2.1 Licensing systems = 403
• 8.2.2 Interconnection and access = 404
• 8.2.3 Competition rules = 405
• 8.2.4 Regulation of the Internet and ISPs = 405
• 8.3 Licensing Internet Service Providers = 405
• 8.3.1 Licensing Internet systems and services = 406
• 8.3.2 Voice and data = 406
• 8.3.3 Internet voice telephony services = 407
• 8.3.4 Voice over IP = 408
• 8.4 Access rights and network services = 409
• 8.4.1 Interconnection and peering = 409
• 8.4.2 Access to end-users = 411
• 8.5 Broadcasting regulation = 412
• 8.5.1 Background = 412
• 8.5.2 Broadcasting licensing in the United Kingdom = 412
• 8.6 Future regulation = 417
• 8.7 Conclusion = 418
• 9 Contracts between Internet Service Providers, Content Owners and Others = 421
• 9.1 Introduction = 421
• 9.2 Contracts for the provision of a Web site = 421
• 9.2.1 The contract with the Web site designer = 421
• 9.2.2 The contract for building the Web site = 422
• 9.2.3 The contract for Web site hosting = 427
• 9.3 Sponsorship and advertising agreements = 429
• 9.3.1 The rights being granted in respect of the Web site = 430
• 9.3.2 Positioning and size = 430
• 9.3.3 Obligations in relation to promotion of Web site = 430
• 9.3.4 Hypertext links = 430
• 9.3.5 Intellectual property = 431
• 9.3.6 Use of information about visitors to the site = 431
• 9.4 Internet access agreements = 431
• 9.5 Peering agreements = 433
• 10 Electronic Contracts and Transactions = 435
• 10.1 Introduction = 435
• 10.1.1 Comparison with the law relating to electronic data interchange = 435
• 10.1.2 Current means of forming contracts in relation to the Internet = 436
• 10.1.3 The typical subject matter of contracts currently formed over the Internet = 437
• 10.1.4 Content of contracts = 437
• 10.2 Exclusions, limitations and consumer protection measures = 438
• 10.2.1 The Distance Selling Directive = 439
• 10.2.2 The Electronic Commerce Directive = 444
• 10.3 International contracts = 448
• 10.4 Forming electronic contracts = 449
• 10.4.1 Introduction : the formation of a contract = 449
• 10.4.2 Pre-contractual information = 450
• 10.4.3 Offer／invitation to treat = 451
• 10.4.4 Acceptance and communication of acceptance = 452
• 10.4.5 Revocation and lapsing of offer = 455
• 10.4.6 Consideration and intention to create legal relations = 456
• 10.4.7 Incorporation of terms = 456
• 10.4.8 Certainty of identity of parties = 457
• 10.5 Formalities of contracting = 458
• 10.6 Electronic signatures = 459
• 10.6.1 General law on signatures = 459
• 10.6.2 E.U. Electronic Signatures Directive = 464
• 10.7 Electronic transactions legislation - a discussion = 470
• 10.7.1 Background = 470
• 10.7.2 Removing obstacles to electronic transactions = 470
• 10.7.3 Achieving certainty = 471
• 10.7.4 Traps to be avoided when legislating for electronic commerce = 472
• 10.7.5 Facilitation versus prescription = 472
• 10.7.6 The evolution of electronic transactions legislation = 474
• 10.7.7 Efficient and inefficient rules = 476
• 10.7.8 Facilitating without requiring the use of electronic transactions = 477
• 10.8 Evidence - proving the transaction = 478
• 10.8.1 Which law of evidence? = 478
• 10.8.2 Proving the transaction = 479
• 10.8.3 Factors affecting weight of evidence = 484
• 10.8.4 Electronic records procedures = 485
• 11 Payment Mechanisms for Internet Commerce = 491
• 11.1 The ideal Internet payment mechanism = 491
• 11.2 The reward for successful mechanisms = 492
• 11.3 Adaptation of conventional payment mechanisms for Internet commerce = 492
• 11.3.1 Cash = 492
• 11.3.2 Cheque = 493
• 11.3.3 EFTPOS = 493
• 11.3.4 Credit, charge or debit card = 494
• 11.4 The present reality = 494
• 11.4.1 Card issuer's joint liability with supplier = 495
• 11.4.2 International acceptance = 495
• 11.4.3 Immediate settlement and credit period = 496
• 11.5 Weaknesses in current card payment mechanism = 496
• 11.5.1 Security = 496
• 11.5.2 Transaction costs = 497
• 11.5.3 Limitation of buyers and sellers who can use it = 498
• 11.5.4 Privacy = 498
• 11.6 Conclusion on present reality = 498
• 11.7 Electronic cash : similar names, different concepts = 499
• 11.7.1 Electronic cash systems operating on EFTPOS principles = 499
• 11.7.2 "True" electronic cash = 501
• 11.7.3 Advantages and disadvantages of true electronic cash as an Internet payment mechanism = 502
• 11.8 Acceptance of true electronic cash systems = 503
• 11.8.1 Convertibility = 503
• 11.8.2 Good credit backing = 504
• 11.8.3 Low vulnerability to fraud = 504
• 11.9 Systems in the middle of the spectrum = 504
• 11.10 Fraud involving abuse of credit／charge／debit cards and analogous systems = 504
• 11.10.1 The basic principle = 505
• 11.10.2 Exceptions to the basic principle = 505
• 11.10.3 Alteration of the basic principle by express contract terms = 505
• 11.10.4 Retailer risk where fraudulent payment innocently received = 505
• 11.10.5 Transmission of card numbers through the Internet = 506
• 11.11 Fraud involving true electronic cash = 506
• 11.11.1 Stolen electronic cash = 506
• 11.11.2 Counterfeit money = 507
• 11.12 Who can issue electronic cash? The FSMA 2000 and the EMI Directive = 508
• 11.12.1 Account-based and cash-based systems = 508
• 11.12.2 The deposit taking restriction = 508
• 11.12.3 Deposit taking and account-based systems = 509
• 11.12.4 Deposit taking and cash-based systems = 509
• 11.12.5 The Electronic Money Institutions Directive = 510
• 11.12.6 What is an EMI and what is "electronic money" = 510
• 11.12.7 Waivers = 511
• 11.12.8 Supervision of EMIs and requirements for authorisation = 511
• 11.12.9 Unauthorised schemes after the EMI Directive = 512
• 11.14 Should true electronic money offer payment anonymity? = 512
• 11.15 Conclusion = 514
• 12 Prohibited and Regulated Activities = 517
• 12.1 Introduction = 517
• 12.2 Cross-border content = 517
• 12.2.1 Why international action? = 518
• 12.2.2 National action - the urge to regulate = 523
• 12.2.3 National action - illegality, language, culture, political and religious expression = 525
• 12.2.4 Responses to national action = 529
• 12.2.5 Differing approaches to an international convention = 531
• 12.3 Gambling = 536
• 12.4 Pornography and sexual offences = 538
• 12.4.1 Obscenity = 539
• 12.4.2 Child pornography = 542
• 12.4.3 On-line harassment and offensive electronic communications = 546
• 12.4.4 Public display of indecent matter = 547
• 12.4.5 Sex tourism = 548
• 12.4.6 Cross-border content standards = 548
• 12.4.7 Chat rooms = 548
• 12.5 Contempt of court = 549
• 12.5.1 Criminal contempt = 549
• 12.5.2 International aspects of contempt = 551
• 12.5.3 Third parties and injunctions = 551
• 12.6 Financial services = 552
• 12.6.1 Regulated activities and financial promotion = 552
• 12.6.2 Two key areas of concern = 552
• 12.6.3 The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 = 553
• 12.6.4 The General Prohibition = 553
• 12.6.5 Regulated Activities = 554
• 12.6.6 Exclusions = 555
• 12.6.7 Financial Information Web Sites = 555
• 12.6.8 Overseas Financial Service Providers = 556
• 12.6.9 Financial Promotions Restriction = 557
• 12.6.10 The Financial Promotion Restriction and Overseas Financial Service Providers = 558
• 12.6.11 Exclusion from Financial Promotion Restriction for hosts and access providers = 559
• 12.7 Pharmaceuticals = 559
• 12.8 Advertising on the Internet = 560
• 12.9 Encryption = 562
• 12.9.1 Introduction = 562
• 12.9.2 Technical background = 563
• 12.9.3 The Legal Environment = 566
• 12.9.4 Dealings in encryption products = 566
• 12.9.5 Cryptography services／service providers = 569
• 12.10 Computer misuse = 570
• 12.10.1 The Computer Misuse Act 1990 = 570
• 12.10.2 E-mail viruses and the 1990 Act = 572
• 12.10.3 Access to websites and the 1990 Act = 573
• 13 Tax = 579
• 13.1 Introduction = 579
• 13.2 Emerging tax policy - an overview = 580
• 13.3 VAT = 581
• 13.3.1 Summary of United Kingdom VAT law = 582
• 13.3.2 Basic elements of VAT = 582
• 13.3.3 Exports = 585
• 13.3.4 "Input" and "Output" Vat = 586
• 13.3.5 VAT implications of e-commerce = 586
• 13.4 Customs duties = 598
• 13.4.1 Computer software = 599
• 13.4.2 Goods ordered electronically but delivered by traditional means = 599
• 13.5 Direct Taxes = 599
• 13.6 Characterisation of income and withholding taxes = 600
• 13.6.1 U.K. law = 600
• 13.6.2 The problem = 600
• 13.6.3 Current position = 601
• 13.7 Taxable presence issues = 601
• 13.7.1 U.K. law = 602
• 13.7.2 Applying the rules to e-commerce = 602
• 13.8 Quantifying business profits and transfer pricings = 603
• 13.9 Other points = 604
• 14 Competition Law and the Internet = 607
• 14.1 Relevant markets = 608
• 14.1.1 Access markets = 608
• 14.1.2 Internet／E-commerce - specific markets = 611
• 14.1.3 B2C Products and Services Sold over the Internet = 612
• 14.1.4 B2B Markets = 616
• 14.1.5 Geographic market = 618
• 14.1.6 Characteristics of Internet and E-commerce markets = 619
• 14.2 The E.C. Merger Regulation = 620
• 14.2.1 The Thresholds = 621
• 14.2.2 Control and Joint Control = 622
• 14.2.3 Full Function = 623
• 14.3 Notification Requirement Under the Merger Regulation = 623
• 14.3.1 Assessment by the E.C. Commission = 624
• 14.3.2 Decisions in Merger Cases Relating to E-Commerce and the Internet = 624
• 14.4 Application of Article 81 of the E.C. Treaty = 627
• 14.4.1 The Scope of Article 81 = 627
• 14.4.2 The Effect of Falling Within Article 81(1) = 631
• 14.4.3 Exemption from Article 81(1) = 631
• 14.4.4 Individual exemption = 631
• 14.4.5 Block exemption regulations = 632
• 14.4.6 The Technology Transfer Block Exemption = 632
• 14.4.7 Technology Transfer Block Exemption - Other Specific Clauses = 637
• 14.4.8 The Vertical Agreement Block Exemption = 641
• 14.4.9 The implications of Article 81 for the distribution of goods and services through the Internet = 651
• 14.4.10 Application of Article 81 to IPR licences other than patent and know-how licences = 652
• 14.4.11 Particular cases which have been considered under Article 81 = 655
• 14.4.12 Concerns in B2B Marketplaces = 657
• 14.4.13 Standardisation Agreements = 662
• 14.5 Abuse of dominance and Article 82 of the E.C. Treaty = 670
• 14.5.1 Dominance = 670
• 14.5.2 Abuse = 673
• 14.5.3 Cases Specifically Related to E-commerce = 679
• 14.6 U.K. Competition Law = 681
• 14.6.1 U.K. Merger Law = 681
• 14.6.2 The U.K. Competition Act 1998 = 682
• 14.6.3 The 1998 Act - The Chapter Ⅰ Prohibition = 682
• 14.6.4 The 1998 Act - the Effect of Falling Within the Chapter Ⅰ Prohibition = 684
• 14.6.5 The 1998 Act - Exclusions From The Chapter Ⅰ Prohibition = 684
• 14.6.6 The 1998 Act - Exemption From the Chapter Ⅰ Prohibition = 685
• 14.6.7 The Chapter Ⅱ prohibition = 686
• 14.6.8 Enforcement Agencies And Responsibilities = 690
• 14.6.9 Small agreements and conduct of minor importance = 692
• 14.6.10 Enforcement by private parties = 692
• 14.6.11 Transitional Provisions = 692
• 14.6.12 Cases related to E-commerce under the 1998 Competition Act = 693
• Technical Glossary = 701
• Index = 709