유럽 근대화 과정 속에 나타난 산업혁명과 프랑스혁명이 여가에 미친 영향

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The modernization of Europe had been established for the period of four centuries through transition from feudal society to civil society with rise of Renaissance of 14th to 15th century, the era of absolute state society of 16th to 17th century, and the formative period of democratic society from late 18th century to the World War I. The progress of modernization had been made based an conflicts and pains of renovations and revolutions in our modern history. Among others, the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution reflect features of modernization as a critical momentum in completing the modernization. The principle of the French Revolution, that is, liberty and egalitarianism, and the technical renovation and reasonable economic system brought about by the Industrial Revolution of England influenced a lot all fields of the society including political, economic, social, cultural, and philosophical fields. They played a critical role in laying a foundation of modern civil society, having broken from the past feudalism society. However, in addition to positive effects resulted from those two events, they gave rise to various negative side-effects including urbanization with population influx to cities, unemployment, labor conditions of ill sanitation labor disputes, conflicts and alienation among new social strata, Leisure, as a contrast to labor which was compulsory for life, was designed for pleasure and refreshment of life, being free from all pressures of responsibilities. The feature of leisure itself could be dependent on types, degrees, time, and frequency of labor. The modern concept of leisure can be traced back to the progress of modern capitalism society established since the Industrial Revolution of Europe. Among all problems which occurred in the process of industrialization, there was a serious confrontation between employers and employees in relation to lobar and rest. This problem has developed into a social problem, extending the sphere of the relationship between themselves, and the confrontation between the pains of labor and pleasure of relaxation raised in that period laid the foundation of leisure of modern time. In addition, the transformation of social structure caused from the establishment of commercial and industrial society, development of transportation and mass media also leave contributed to the formation of leisure of modern time. In conclusion, the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution bore fruits of the modernization of Europe in late 18th century through transitional periods of several centuries with the era of the Renaissance. However, those two events leading to the modernization of the European society also gave rise to various negative side-effects, and among others, occurrence of two major classes of capitalists and laborers resulted in s great confusion there. In this context, progress of leisure teas been made in parallel with modernization of Europe, and the extent of acceptance of leisure has been expanded through sharing and exchanges of its means between haves and have-nots. Therefore, the modern view of leisure has been formed based on a social needs in connection with labor and relaxation with respect of individual freedom.