Understanding environmental pollution

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• Acknowledgment = xvi
• List of Abbreviations and Acronyms = xvii
• 1 Understanding Pollution = 1
• 1.1 he Anthropocene = 2
• 1.2 Introducing Pollution = 2
• 1.3 Devastating versus Tiny Levels of Pollution = 10
• 1.4 Nature’s Services = 10
• 1.5 Soil = 13
• 1.6 Root Causes of Environmental Problems = 14
• 1.7 Personal Actions Have Consequences = 16
• 1.8 Living within Our Planet’s Boundaries = 17
• 1.9 Burning Fossil Fuels = 19
• 1.10 Conclusions = 19
• Questions = 20
• 2 Reducing Pollution to Reduce Risk = 26
• 2.1 Chemical Risk Assessment = 27
• 2.2 Comparative Risk Assessment = 27
• 2.3 Complex Risk Assessment = 29
• 2.4 Using Legislation to Reduce Risk = 29
• 2.5 A Right-To-Know Law = 31
• 2.6 Using the Waste Hierarchy to Reduce Risk = 33
• 2.7 Going Beyond Pollution Prevention = 37
• 2.8 Conclusions = 38
• Questions = 38
• 3 Chemical Toxicity = 42
• 3.1 Terminology = 43
• 3.2 How Dose Afects Response = 44
• 3.3 Absorption, Distribution, Biotransformation, and Excretion = 46
• 3.4 Factors Afecting Toxicity = 47
• 3.5 Environmental Hormones (Endocrine Disruptors) = 51
• 3.6 Cancer = 54
• 3.7 Epigenetics and Disease = 57
• 3.8 How Toxicants Afect Speciic Organs = 57
• 3.9 Heavy Pollution’s Impact on Disease and Premature Death = 60
• 3.10 Conclusions = 61
• Questions = 61
• 4 Chemical Exposures and Risk Assessment = 67
• 4.1 Exposure Assessment = 68
• 4.2 A CDC Study on Exposure to Xenobiotic Chemicals = 69
• 4.3 Epidemiological Studies = 70
• 4.4 Chemical Risk Assessment = 72
• 4.5 Risk Management = 76
• 4.6 Risks to Children = 78
• 4.7 Alternative Methods of Chemical Risk Assessment = 79
• 4.8 Conclusions = 82
• Questions = 82
• 5 Air Pollution = 89
• 5.1 Introduction to Criteria Air Pollutants = 90
• 5.2 Volatile Organic Compounds = 102
• 5.3 Hazardous Air Pollutants = 103
• 5.4 Air Pollution’s Major Impact on Global Health = 106
• 5.5 Atmospheric Brown Clouds = 107
• 5.6 Sand and Dust Storms = 108
• 5.7 Conclusions = 111
• Questions = 111
• Appendix : Particulates and Disease = 113
• 6 Acid Deposition = 119
• 6.1 Background = 120
• 6.2 Pollutants of Concern = 122
• 6.3 Adverse Impacts of Acidic Deposition = 123
• 6.4 Sources of Acid Deposition = 125
• 6.5 Reducing Emissions of Acid-Precursor Chemicals = 125
• 6.6 Recovering from Acidic Deposition = 126
• 6.7 Acid Deposition in Asia = 127
• 6.8 Conclusions = 129
• Questions = 129
• 7 Global Warming and Ocean Acidification = 133
• 7.1 Introduction = 134
• 7.2 Greenhouse Gases = 135
• 7.3 Carbon Dioxide = 136
• 7.4 Methane = 139
• 7.5 Ground-Level Ozone = 141
• 7.6 Nitrous Oxide = 142
• 7.7 Halogen Gases = 142
• 7.8 Water Vapor = 142
• 7.9 Aerosols = 142
• 7.10 Black Carbon (Soot) : An Aerosol = 144
• 7.11 Solar Geoengineering Using Aerosols? = 145
• 7.12 Impacts of Global Warming = 145
• 7.13 Ocean Acidiication : An Impact Speciic to Carbon Dioxide = 149
• 7.14 Adaptation to a Greenhouse World = 152
• 7.15 Reducing GHG Emissions = 154
• 7.16 Solutions to Global Warming = 157
• 7.17 Conclusions = 157
• Questions = 158
• 8 Energy and Pollution = 166
• 8.1 Pollution in Motor Vehicle Use = 168
• 8.2 Is Clean Coal Possible? = 169
• 8.3 Conservation and Eiciency = 171
• 8.4 Increasing Industrial Eiciency in Using Energy = 172
• 8.5 Using Waste Heat to Increase Industrial Eiciency = 173
• 8.6 Renewable Energy : Photovoltaics = 174
• 8.7 Renewable Energy : Wind Power = 177
• 8.8 Renewable Energy and the Electric Grid = 178
• 8.9 Renewable Energy Use Around the World = 179
• 8.10 End-Of-Life Management of Solar Cells, Wind Turbines, and Batteries = 180
• 8.11 Briefs on Other Energies = 181
• 8.12 Conclusions = 184
• Questions = 186
• 9 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion = 192
• 9.1 Background = 193
• 9.2 Pollutants of Concern : CFCs and Halons = 194
• 9.3 Chemical Reactions in the Stratosphere = 195
• 9.4 UV Radiation at Earth’s Surface = 198
• 9.5 he Montreal Protocol = 200
• 9.6 Problems, Ongoing Research, and Cheating = 201
• 9.7 Conclusions = 203
• Questions = 203
• 10 Water Pollution = 206
• 10.1 Point and Nonpoint Water Pollution = 207
• 10.2 Pollutants of Concern : Conventional Water Pollutants = 208
• 10.3 Priority Pollutants = 211
• 10.4 Nonconventional Pollutants = 212
• 10.5 Pollution of Groundwater = 212
• 10.6 Pollution in Other Water Bodies = 214
• 10.7 Reducing Point Sources of Pollution = 216
• 10.8 Reducing Nonpoint Sources of Pollution = 221
• 10.9 Confronting Reactive Nitrogen : he Nitrogen Glut = 224
• 10.10 Falling Levels of Oxygen in the Ocean = 229
• 10.11 Phosphorus Pollution = 231
• 10.12 Conclusions = 234
• Questions = 235
• 11 Drinking Water Pollution = 242
• 11.1 Primary Drinking Water Standards = 243
• 11.2 An Ongoing Mass Poisoning : Arsenic = 247
• 11.3 Lead in Drinking Water = 249
• 11.4 Secondary Drinking Water Contaminants = 251
• 11.5 Other Drinking Water Issues = 252
• 11.6 Pathogens and Human Health = 254
• 11.7 Home Water Treatments = 257
• 11.8 Waste and Wastewater as Valuable Resources = 258
• 11.9 Conclusions = 259
• Questions = 260
• 12 Solid Waste = 265
• 12.1 Generating Large Amounts of Waste = 266
• 12.2 Using the Waste Management Hierarchy to Reduce MSW = 268
• 12.3 Recycling = 273
• 12.4 Incineration and Landilling = 279
• 12.5 When Waste Problems Seem Too Large to Follow the WMH = 282
• 12.6 Plastic Presents Mammoth Problems = 283
• 12.7 Plastics : Improving P²and Recycling = 289
• 12.8 Conclusions = 290
• Questions = 291
• 13 Hazardous Waste = 297
• 13.1 Introduction to Hazardous Waste = 298
• 13.2 he Waste Management Hierarchy in HW Management = 299
• 13.3 he Coming of Superfund = 301
• 13.4 Evaluating HW and Superfund Sites = 304
• 13.5 Dealing with and Cleaning Up HW Sites = 305
• 13.6 Reducing the Risk of HW Internationally = 308
• 13.7 he Problem of Electronic Waste : E-Waste = 309
• 13.8 Conclusions = 311
• Questions = 312
• 14 Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Chemicals = 316
• 14.1 Why PBTs Are of Concern = 317
• 14.2 he Stockholm Convention : Reducing POPs = 319
• 14.3 Examining One POP Family : he PCBs = 321
• 14.4 A Polybrominated POP Family : PBDEs = 322
• 14.5 A Polyluorinated Family : PFAS = 323
• 14.6 Conclusions = 323
• Questions = 324
• 15 Metals = 327
• 15.1 Metals : An Introduction = 328
• 15.2 Sources of Metal Pollution = 329
• 15.3 Lead : A PBT Metal = 334
• 15.4 Mercury = 337
• 15.5 Cadmium = 343
• 15.6 Arsenic = 344
• 15.7 Conclusions = 345
• Questions = 346
• 16 Pesticides = 353
• 16.1 Why Use Pesticides and Who Uses Pesticides = 354
• 16.2 Pesticide Categories = 355
• 16.3 An Introduction to Insecticides = 356
• 16.4 he Neonicotinoids = 357
• 16.5 Herbicides Kill Unwanted Plants – Weeds = 359
• 16.6 Pesticide Movement and Contamination of the Environment and Food = 361
• 16.7 Pesticide Resistance = 362
• 16.8 Biodiversity at High Risk, but Causes Go Beyond Pesticides = 362
• 16.9 Pesticide Use in Less-Developed Countries = 364
• 16.10 Reducing Pesticide Risk = 365
• 16.11 Reducing Risk by Alternative Approaches to Agriculture = 366
• 16.12 France’s Extraordinary Eforts to Reduce Pesticide Use = 368
• 16.13 Conclusions = 369
• Questions = 369
• Appendix : Biopesticides = 371
• 17 Indoor Air Pollution = 376
• 17.1 Indoor Air Contaminants = 377
• 17.2 Combustion Pollutants = 379
• 17.3 VOCs, Moisture, Biological Pollutants, Dust, and Dirt = 380
• 17.4 Ionizing Radiation : Radon = 383
• 17.5 Indoor Air Pollution in Less-Developed Countries = 386
• 17.6 Household Hazardous Products = 387
• 17.7 Household Hazardous Waste = 389
• 17.8 Conclusions = 390
• Questions = 391
• 18 Zero Waste, Zero Emissions = 395
• 18.1 Sustainable Development = 396
• 18.2 Building a Circular Economy = 396
• 18.3 Industrial Ecology = 400
• 18.4 Closed-Loop Systems = 400
• 18.5 Zero Waste = 401
• 18.6 Lifecycle Assessment = 404
• 18.7 Design for the Environment = 406
• 18.8 Product Stewardship and EPR = 407
• 18.9 Servicizing = 408
• 18.10 Green Chemistry and How It Works = 409
• 18.11 Converting Wastes into Resources = 411
• 18.12 Safely Operating within Earth’s Life-Support Boundaries = 411
• 18.13 Conclusions = 412
• Questions = 412
• Appendix : Basic Concepts in Chemistry = 418
• A.1 Atoms and the Periodic Table = 418
• A.2 Organic and Inorganic Chemicals = 423
• A.3 Free Radicals = 424
• A.4 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions = 424
• A.5 Acid Pollution = 426
• Further Reading = 431
• Index = 439