Air pollution from motor vehicles : standards and technologies for controlling emissions

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• Acknowledgments = xvii
• Participants at the UNEP Workshop = xix
• Chapter 1 Emission Standards and Regulations = 1
• International Standards = 2
• U.S. Standards = 2
• U.N. Economic Commission for Europe(ECE) and European Union(EU) Standards = 6
• Country and Other Standards = 9
• Argentina = 11
• Australia = 11
• Brazil = 12
• Canada = 13
• Chile = 14
• China = 15
• Colombia = 15
• Eastern European Countries and the Russian Federation = 15
• Hong Kong = 16
• India = 17
• Japan = 18
• Republic of Korea = 18
• Malaysia = 19
• Mexico = 19
• Saudi Arabia = 19
• Singapore = 19
• Taiwan(China) = 20
• Thailand = 20
• Compliance with Standards = 21
• Certification or Type Approval = 21
• Assembly Line Testing = 22
• In-Use Surveillance and Recall = 22
• Warranty = 23
• On-Board Diagnostic Systems = 23
• Alternatives to Emission Standards = 23
• References = 24
• Chapter 2 Quantifying Vehicle Emissions = 25
• Emissions Measurement and Testing Procedures = 25
• Exhaust Emissions Testing for Light-Duty Vehicles = 25
• Exhaust Emissions Testing for Motorcycles and Mopeds = 29
• Exhaust Emissions Testing for Heavy-Duty Vehicle Engines = 29
• Crankcase Emissions = 32
• Evaporative Emissions = 32
• Refueling Emissions = 33
• On-Road Exhaust Emissions = 33
• Vehicle Emission Factors = 33
• Gasoline-Fueled Vehicles = 37
• Diesel-Fueled Vehicles = 39
• Motorcycles = 43
• References = 46
• Appendix 2.1 Selected Exhaust Emission and Fuel Consumption Factors for Gasoline-Fueled Vehicles = 49
• Appendix 2.2 Selected Exhaust Emission and Fuel Consumption Factors for Diesel-Fueled Vehicles = 57
• Chapter 3 Vehicle Technology for Controlling Emissions = 63
• Automotive Engine Types = 64
• Spark-Ignition(Otto) Engines = 64
• Diesel Engines = 64
• Rotary(Wankel) Engines = 65
• Gas-Turbine(Brayton) Engines = 65
• Steam(Rankine Engines) = 65
• Stirling Engines = 65
• Electric and Hybrid Vehicles = 65
• Control Technology for Gasoline-Fueled Vehicles(Spark-Ignition Engines) = 65
• Air-Fuel Ratio = 66
• Electronic Control Systems = 66
• Catalytic Converters = 67
• Crankcase Emissions and Control = 67
• Evaporative Emissions and Control = 67
• Fuel Dispensing／Distribution Emissions and Control = 69
• Control Technology for Diesel-Fueled Vehicles(Compression-Ignition Engines) = 69
• Engine Design = 70
• Exhaust Aftertreatment = 71
• Emission Control Options and Costs = 73
• Gasoline-Fueled Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks = 73
• Heavy-Duty Gasoline-Fueled Vehicles = 76
• Motorcycles = 76
• Diesel-Fueled Vehicles = 76
• References = 79
• Appendix 3.1 Emission Control Technology for Spark-Ignition(Otto) Engines = 81
• Appendix 3.2 Emission Control Technology for Compression-Ignition(Diesel) Engines = 101
• Appendix 3.3 The Potential for Improved Fuel Economy = 119
• Chapter 4 Controlling Emissions from In-Use Vehicles = 127
• Inspection and Maintenance Programs = 127
• Vehicle Types Covered = 129
• Inspection Procedures for Vehicles with Spark-Ignition Engines = 130
• Exhaust Emissions = 131
• Evaporative Emissions = 133
• Motorcycle White Smoke Emissions = 133
• Inspection Procedures for Vehicles with Diesel Engines = 133
• Institutional Setting for Inspection and Maintenance = 135
• Centralized I／M = 136
• Decentralized I／M = 137
• Comparison of Centralized and Decentralized I／M Programs = 138
• Inspection Frequency = 140
• Vehicle Registration = 140
• Roadside Inspection Programs = 140
• Emission Standards for Inspection and Maintenance Programs = 141
• Costs and Benefits of Inspection and Maintenance Programs =144
• Emission Improvements and Fuel Economy = 149
• Impact on Tampering and Misfueling = 151
• Cost-Effectiveness = 153
• International Experience with Inspection and Maintenance Programs = 154
• Remote Sensing of Vehicle Emissions = 159
• Evaluation of Remote-Sensing Data = 162
• On - Board Diagnostic Systems = 164
• Vehicle Repalcement and Retrofit Programs = 164
• Scrappage and Relocation Programs = 165
• Vehicle Replacement = 165
• Retrofit Programs = 166
• Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems = 167
• References = 168
• Appendix 4.1 Remote Sensing of Vehicle Emissions : Operating Principles, Capabilities, and Limitations = 171
• Chapter 5 Fuel Options for Controlling Emissions = 175
• Gasoline = 176
• Lead and Octane Number = 176
• Fuel Volatility = 179
• Olefins = 180
• Aromatic Hydrocarbons = 180
• Distillation Properties = 181
• Oxygenates = 182
• Sulfur = 183
• Fuel Additives to Control Deposits = 184
• Reformulated Gasoline = 184
• Diesel = 186
• Sulfur Content = 187
• Cetane Number = 188
• Aromatic Hydrocarbons = 188
• Other Fuel Properties = 189
• Fuel Additives = 190
• Effect of Diesel Fuel Properties on Emissions : Summary of EPEFE Results = 191
• Alternative Fuels = 193
• Natural Gas = 195
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG) = 200
• Methanol = 202
• Ethanol = 204
• Biodiesel = 206
• Hydrogen = 210
• Electric and Hybrid-Electric Vehicles = 211
• Factors Influencing the Large-Scale Use of Alternative Fuels = 213
• Cost = 213
• End-Use Considerations = 215
• Life-Cycle Emissions = 216
• Conclusions = 218
• References = 219
• Appendix 5.1 International Use of Lead in Gasoline = 223
• Appendix 5.2 Electric and Hybrid-Electric Vehicles = 227
• Appendix 5.3 Alternative Fuel Options for Urban Buses in Santiago, Chile : A Case Study = 237
• Abbreviations and Conversion Factors = 241
• Country Index = 245