17세기 전반 조선의 對후금-청 과일 제공 양상 = Patterns of Fruit Provision from Joseon to the Later Jin and Qing Dynasty in the Early 17th Century

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study reviews the fruits that Joseon provided to the Later Jin–Qing and the methods by which they were delivered. Fruit was not an item that Joseon was formally obligated to provide within the bilateral relationship. Nevertheless, the Later Jin–Qing’s strong desire for fruit directly affected Joseon as relations between the two states evolved.
After the Jeongmyo Agreement (1627), Later Jin envoys were allowed to visit Joseon, which greatly expanded their opportunities to access fruit in Joseon. Joseon envoys traveling to Shenyang also carried fruit with them, but the quantities were too small to satisfy Later Jin’s demands. Consequently, the Later Jin requested large-scale fruit trade. Joseon responded passively, and such trade was not realized until immediately prior to the outbreak of the Byeongja War (1637).
With the Jeongchuk Agreement (1637), the relationship between Joseon and Qing shifted to that of ruler and subject. Joseon voluntarily presented fruit to the Qing Taizong as tribute, which served as one means of easing diplomatic tensions. Fruit was generally dispatched in the first lunar month and in the ninth to tenth lunar months, corresponding respectively to the New Year’s celebration (Jeongjo) and the emperor’s birthday celebration (Seongjeol). Fruit was also frequently carried when envoys were sent for various other purposes. Meanwhile, large-scale fruit trade took place in Uiju and Seoul. Every year, tens of thousands of fruits were transported overland from various regions to Shenyang. Joseon’s burden related to fruit provision was greatly reduced after the Qing occupied Beijing and was finally resolved in the second year of King Hyojong’s reign (1651).