『대학(大學)』청송장(聽訟章)의 이해-이천과 주자를 중심으로- = An Understanding of the Chapter of Preside at Lawsuit in The Great Learning

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 유가의 핵심경전인 『大學』 聽訟章에 관한 연구다. 『大學』은 『中庸』과 함께 『禮記』의 한 편에서 독립된 경전으로 송대 성리학자들에 의해 본격적으로 주목받기 시작했다. 『大學』에 대한 성리학자들의 관심은 古本 『大學』의 차서에 대한 의문으로 발전했고, 북송의 程明道와 程伊川 형제는 각자의 철학적 이해에 근거해 改本을 남긴다. 이후 주자는 『대학장구』를 지으면서 정이천개본 『大學』에 근거했다고 스스로 밝히고 있다. 정이천개본 『大學』과 주자의 『大學章句』는 기본적인 차서와 체열에 있어서는 대체로 일치하지만, 聽訟章에 있어서는 차이를 보인다. 정이천과 주자는 "格物致知"를 『대학』의 핵심으로 보고 있다는 점과, 청송장을 본말에 대한 해석이라고 보고 있다는 큰 틀에서 맥락을 같이 한다. 그러나 그들은 청송장과 격물장의 차서에 있어 다른 관점을 보이는데, 이 문제는 본말과 格物致知를 어떤 관계로 볼 것인가로 연결된다. 정이천은 청송장과 격물장을 연결해 하나의 장으로 봄으로써 격물치지의 핵심이 본말을 아는 것에 있다는 관점을 밝혔고, 주자는 청송장을 經과 傳 사이에 배치함으로써 『대학』이 經과 傳이라는 형식, 그리고 內聖外王이라는 내용이 본말의 구조를 지니고 있음을 밝히고자 했고, 또한 청송장만으로는 격물치지의 의미를 충분히 밝히지 못하고 있다고 보고 보망장을 지어 격물치지의 의미를 보다 선명하게 설명하려 한 것으로 보인다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper presents an investigation into the chapter of preside at lawsuit in The Great Learning, one of core Confucian classics. The Great Learning is a classic separated from The Book of Rites along with The Doctrine of the Mean and started to attract full attention from Neo-Confucian scholars in Song Dynasty. The interest of Neo-Confucian scholars in The Great Learning evolved into their question about the order of its old texts. The Cheong-Ming-Dao and Cheng-Yi-Chuan brothers of Northern Song Dynasty left a changed version of its texts based on their respective philosophical understanding. Zhu-Xi confessed that his Embodied in The Great Learning was based on Cheng-Yi-Chuan`s version of The Great Learning. There is a match in the basic order and system between Cheng-Yi-Chuan`s version of The Great Learning and Zhu-Xi`s Embodied in The Great Learning, but they differ in the chapter of preside at lawsuit. Cheng-Yi-Chuan and Zhu-Xi are in the same line in major aspects that they regarded "studying the phenomena of nature in order to acquire knowledge" as the essence of The Great Learning and considered the chapter of preside at lawsuit as interpretations of whole course of an event from beginning to end. They, however, show different perspectives with regard to the order of chapter of preside at lawsuit and that of studying the phenomena of nature, which is connected to a question about relations between the whole course of an event from beginning to end and studying the phenomena of nature in order to acquire knowledge. While Cheng-Yi huan connected both the chapters, regarded them as a single chapter, and argued that the essence of studying the phenomena of nature in order to acquire knowledge lied in knowing the whole course of an event from beginning to end, Zhu-Xi placed the chapter of preside at lawsuit between the classics and commentaries on classics and demonstrated that the form of The Great Learning in the classics and commentaries on classics and the content of sagely within and kingly without had the structure of whole course of an event from beginning to end. In addition, he believed that the chapter of preside at lawsuit would not be enough to figure out the meaning of studying the phenomena of nature in order to acquire knowledge and wrote the chapter of Bu-wang to elucidate its meaning more clearly.