추론에서 나타나는 배경의 중요성 = The Importance of Background in Reasoning

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper aims to present the structure of practical reasoning and emphasize the role that background plays in it. Formal logic, centered on the relationship between premises and conclusions, is a product of modernity that pursued certainty. Modern thinkers sought a universal understanding that could penetrate an unstable and disordered world. Mathematical language was a means to reach that standard. For them, concepts and logic that excluded ambiguity were the means to guarantee necessary and unchanging knowledge. This perspective presupposes a representationalist view of language, which holds that language and logic faithfully reflect the world. However, modern pragmatics opposes the representationalism which posits that the meaning of language comes from its correspondence with the world. Instead, the meaning of language comes from its use. The pragmatist claim that meaning is determined within context and relationships also applies to argumentation. The argument models of Stephen E. Toulmin and Norman Fairclough move beyond formal logic which emphasizes only the relationship between premises and conclusions, to focus on the background of the argument. This is necessary for their application to concrete problems. Language and logic are influenced by users and usage contexts; furthermore, this relationship is not detached from issues of power.