While intellectuals lived in late Goryŏ and early Chosŏn dynasty, were well-known as a cause of loyalty to their dynasty, their thoughts and scholarships were not yet received proper attentions in the study of Korean Confucianism. The reasons, from ...
While intellectuals lived in late Goryŏ and early Chosŏn dynasty, were well-known as a cause of loyalty to their dynasty, their thoughts and scholarships were not yet received proper attentions in the study of Korean Confucianism. The reasons, from a methodological point of view, could be said that Confucianism in the period of Goryŏ-Chosŏn transition was considered as a first step of fully developed Chosŏn Neo-Confucianism, or as the origin of Confucian orthodoxy of Southeast Literati School(嶺南士林派). Moreover, even though most of them were born in Goryŏ dynasty, they were praised in a social and intellectual context of Chosŏn dynasty, rather than in the backgroud of their lifetime. This paper aims to analyze the philosophical meaning of Confucian hermits, focusing on Gil Jae(吉再, 1353-1419) who took a pen name with eun(隱, hiding away) by himself, emerged at the very time of introducing Neo-Confucianism into Korean, in the context of their historical landscapes.
The Confucian hermit was asked a few conditions; First, the Way(道) does not prevail in the World, secondly, an act of hiding away is an expedient to realize Concucian supreme virtue, Benevolence(仁). In addition to these subjective factors, such actions of retreat that could appear in many kinds of patterns, must conform to the principles of the mean(時中) between the philosophical ideals and the political activities.
Gil Jae practiced a philosophy of hermit in a guaranteed conditions of Confucian ethics in his life. 300 years later after his death, he was granted a posthumous epithet, a duke of loyalty and faithfulness (忠節公) by King Yeongjo(英祖) in the middle of 18th century, under the influence of public opinions suggested by a group of Southeast literati. I think, this epithet added another image of a loyal subject to Giljae’s thought. Of course, Gil jae is a loyalist, but the meaning of loyal needs to be explained with the sense of a realization of the Confucian Benevolence. His act of retreating from the Chosŏn Court reveals the spirit of a Confucian virtue itself, that is to say, faithfulness to his conscience in a moral sense, rather than loyal to a monarch in a political sense.