Intonation in discourse

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xv
• Acknowledgements = xvii
• Introduction = xix
• List of contributors = xxxv
• 1. Extracting Linguistic Information from Fo Traces / Wiktor Jassem ; Grazyna Demenko = 1
• 1. Two Approaches = 1
• 2. Experiment, Theory and Practice
• 3. Trends and Methods in Experimental Tonology = 2
• 3.1 Registration and Interpretation of Instrumentally Obtained Fo Traces
• 3.2 Aural Analysis = 2
• 3.3 Synthetic Speech = 3
• 4. Levels of Intonation Study = 3
• 5. Representation of Intonation = 3
• 6. Sources of data = 4
• 7. From Fo Traces to Functional Units : Sources of Variation = 5
• 8. The Present Experiment = 8
• 9. Conclusion = 17
• 2. Phonological and Acoustic Parameters of English Intonation / Daniel Hirst = 19
• 1. Introduction : Models and Modules = 19
• 2. Phonological Parameters = 20
• 3. Phonetic and Acoustic Parameters = 27
• 4. Conclusion = 32
• 3. An Acoustic Study of Some Features of Welsh Prosody / Briony Williams = 35
• 1. English Stress = 35
• 2. Prepausal Welsh Words = 37
• 3. Continuous Welsh Speech = 41
• 4. Length of Segments = 42
• 4.1 Vowels = 42
• 4.2 Consonants = 43
• 5. Evidence for Penultimate Stress = 43
• 6. Interval Hearing = 44
• 7. Foot Measurements = 46
• 8. The Old Welsh Accent Shift = 48
• 9. Theoretical Considerations = 49
• 9.1 'Stress-as-loudness' : Trager and Smith = 49
• 9.2 ' Stress- as-accent' : Bolinger = 49
• 9.3 'Stress-as-rhythm' : Liberman = 50
• 4. An Experimental Approach to the Interpretation of Focus in Spoken English / William H G Wells = 53
• 1. Information Focus = 53
• 2. Experimental Design = 53
• 3. The Data = 54
• 4. The Experimental Sentences = 54
• 5. International Domain Under Investigation = 55
• 6. Judgements Regarding Focus = 55
• 7. Features of Focus Constituents = 56
• 8. Results = 59
• 8.1 Features in Focus = 59
• 8.2 Feature Groupings = 62
• 8.3 Restructuring of Feature Groupings = 62
• 9. Analysis of Results = 63
• 9.1 Feature Correlations = 63
• 9.2 Non-phonetic Features = 65
• 9.3 Focus Categories = 65
• 9.4 Focus Categories and Phonological Categories = 66
• 9.5 Phonetic Features of Constituents = 67
• 9.6 Phonological Function of Features = 67
• 9.7 Phonological Function and Sentence Final Position = 68
• 9.8 Focus in Contrastive Constituents = 69
• 9.9 Non-contrastive Medial Constituents = 70
• 10. Conclusions = 73
• 5. The Intonation of George and Mildred : Post-Nuclear Generalisations / Carlos Gussenhoven = 77
• 1. Introduction = 77
• 1.1 Preliminary Comments = 77
• 1.2 Aims of the Investigation = 78
• 1.3 The Corpus = 79
• 1.4 Motivation = 79
• 1.5 Transcription = 80
• 2. Some Statistical Data = 82
• 3. Classifying Tails = 85
• 3.1 Three Categories of Tail = 85
• 4. Category Ⅰ : [Focus] Tails = 87
• 4.1 Type 1 : Subject + Intransitive Verb ／ Be Complement = 88
• 4 2 Type 2 : Transitive Verb + Object + Verbal Particle = 88
• 4.3 Type 3 : WH-Movement in Questions = 89
• 4.4 Type 4 : [- Focus] Post-Verbal Argument = 90
• 4.5 Type 5 : Subject + Passive Verb = 91
• 4.6 Exceptions to SAAR = 91
• 5. Category Ⅱ : Typically [- Focus] Expressions = 93
• 5.1 Time-Space Markers = 95
• 5.2 Cohesion Markers = 96
• 5.3 Hearer-Appeal Markers = 97
• 5.3.1 Tags = 99
• 5.4 Textual Markers = 102
• 5.5 Approximatives = 103
• 6. Comparison with Other Investigations = 105
• 7. Theoretical Implications = 107
• 7.1 Status of the Fall-Rise = 108
• 7.2 The Question of a Separate Intonational Domain = 111
• 8. Category III : Pragmatically [- Focus] Expressions = 116
• 8.1 Preliminay Remarks = 116
• 8.2 Focus Effects = 118
• 8.2.1 Narrative Effects = 118
• 8.2.2 Comedy Effects = 118
• 9. Summary = 121
• 6. An Integrated Approach to Studying Intonation and Attitude / D Robert Ladd ; Klaus Scherer ; Kim Silverman = 125
• 1. Background : Two Approaches to Intonation and Attitude = 125
• 2. Practice and Theory of the Two Approaches = 126
• 3. One Issue : Direct vs. Indirect = 127
• 4. Results = 129
• 5. The Real Issue : Categorical vs. Parametric = 133
• 6. Integrating the A and B Approaches = 136
• 7. On the Analysis of Prosodic Turn-Taking Cues / Anne Cutler ; Mark Pearson = 139
• 1. Introduction = 139
• 2. Prosodic Structure and Turn-Taking = 140
• 3. Methodological Issues in the Study of Turn Signals = 142
• 4. Description of the Experiment = 144
• 4.1 Materials = 144
• 4.2 Production Task = 144
• 4.3 Text Perception Task = 145
• 4.4 Audio Perception Task 1 : Isolated Presentation = 145
• 4.5 Audio Perception Task 2 : Paired Presentation = 146
• 5. Results = 146
• 5.1 Text Judgements = 146
• 5.2 Audio Judgements = 147
• 6. Conclusions = 152
• 8. Prosodic Features and the Management of Interruptions / Peter French ; John Local = 157
• 1. Aims = 157
• 2. Methodology = 157
• 3. Types of Interruption : Turn-Competitive and Non-Competitive = 159
• 4. Pitch Height and Loudness in the Management of Interruptions = 164
• 5. Further Characteristics of Interruptive Speech FILE 4 = 173
• 6. Concluding Remarks : The Independence of Prosodic Features and Illocutions = 177
• 9. Patterns and Problems in a Study of Tyneside Intonation / John Local = 181
• 1. Introduction = 181
• 2. Characteristics of Tyneside Intonation : Background = 181
• 3. Intonation Exponents of Categories = 184
• 4. Prosodic Realisation of Understanding Checks = 188
• 5. Concluding Remarks = 196
• 10. Prosodic Differentiation of Discourse Modes / Catherine Johns-Lewis = 199
• 1. Introduction = 199
• 1.1 Prosodic Characteristics of Discourse Modes : Background = 199
• 1.2 Sociolinguistic Studies of Speech Style = 205
• 2. Discourse Modes : the Place of Taxonomy = 207
• 3. Pitch in Three Discourse Modes = 209
• 3.1 Experimental Design = 209
• 3.1.1 Material = 209
• 3.1.2 Speakers = 210
• 3.1.3 Recording = 210
• 3.1.4 Method of Analysis = 210
• 3.1.5 Results = 211
• 3.1.6 Discussion of Results = 212
• 4. Summary and Conclusion = 216
• 11. Discourse Specific Pitch Behaviour / David Graddol = 221
• 1. Introduction = 221
• 1.1 Experimental Procedure = 222
• 1.2 Analytical Technique = 223
• 2. Choice of Pitch Measurements = 223
• 2.1 General Considerations = 223
• 2.2 Characterising the Histogram = 224
• 2.3 Choice of Scale = 228
• 3. The Data = 228
• 4. Discussion of Results = 232
• 4.1 Discourse Variables = 232
• 4.2 Sex Variables = 234
• 5. Conclusion = 237
• 12. The Acquisition of Intonation by Infants : Physiology and Neural Control / Philip Lieberman = 239
• 1. Introduction = 239
• 2. The Breath Group = 240
• 3. The Acquisition of Intonation by Infants = 245
• 4. Overriding the Vegetative Regularity System = 248
• 5. Early Imitation of Intonation = 249
• 6. Linguistic "Base-Forms" = 252
• 7. Concluding Comments = 257
• 13. The Role of Temporal Structure and Intonation in Deaf Speech / Ben Maassen = 259
• 1. Introduction = 259
• 2. Correlation Studies = 261
• 2.1 Segmental Errors = 262
• 2.1.1 Consonant Errors = 262
• 2.1.2 Vowel Errors = 262
• 2.2 Suprasegmental Errors = 263
• 2.2.1 Judgements on Rhythm and Intonation = 263
• 2.2.2 Temporal Structure = 264
• 2.2.3 Intonation = 265
• 3. Speech Transformation Method = 265
• 3.1 Speech Synthesis = 267
• 3.2 Temporal Corrections of Deaf Speech = 267
• 3.3 Temporal and Intonation Correction = 268
• 4. Summary and Conclusion = 270
• References = 273
• Index = 293