1870-1914년 영국의 초국적 기업 발전을 저해한 요인 분석: 연결망(네트워크) 이론의 개념적 적용 = A Conceptual Study of the underdevelopment of the British Multinational Corporations, 1870-1914: from the perspective of the network theory

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The guiding research question of this paper is to discover 'why the UK could not develop a general structure in which transnational corporations were born during the end of the 19th ~ beginning of the 20th century like other countries'. In response to this question, although acknowledging its imperfections, the author would like to explore the causality in the context of 'Social Construction' which is reflected in the attributes of British society. As such, researchers are strongly recommended to take into account the actors' interests and the increased value effect of events which is driven by control power.
This paper concludes that: firstly, not only was contempt for industrial capitalism prevalent in British society, the British government was unable to recognize the necessity of promoting policies for the development of transnational corporation. In addition, the increase in the clout of commercial-financial capitalists in the city of London along with the expansion of gentlemanly elites interfered with the transnationality of British companies. Secondly, the foundation of the political and economic structures in the UK experienced continuity and challenge simultaneously. Since the 1850's, the British social structure has been progressively characterized by the strengthening power of the commercial-financial elites in London, which resulted not in the transnationality of manufacturing but that of financial services. Finally, the configuration of the social network driven by the British elites consists of the actors' interests and control power in association with severance and connection. Unlike the complementarity of interests, in the initial stage, intended connection based on voluntary motivation between gentries and commercial-financial elites occurred in terms of control power. However, ultimately, the holding of power was transferred to the commercial-financial elites excluding the industrial capitalists and resulted in the reconfiguration of the social network.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글에서 다루고자 하는 주요 퍼즐은 ‘왜 영국은 19세기 말 ~ 20세기 초 기간 동안 다른 국가와 달리 초국적기업이 출현하는 일반 구조를 발전시키지 못했는가?’이다. 이에 대해 필자는 비록 완전한 대답은 아니지만 근본적으로 영국 사회의 속성을 보여주는 ‘사회적 구성(Social construction)'의 맥락에서 그 원인을 규명하고자 한다. 이러한 목적 하에 이 글은 사건을 둘러싼 행위자들의 이해관계와 (사건에 대한)통제력이 빚어내는 사건의 가치 상승효과를 고려한다. 이 글의 결론은 다음과 같다: 첫째, 영국 사회 내에 팽배해 있었던 산업자본주의에 대한 경멸과 대기업 및 초국적 기업 육성의 필요성에 대한 영국 정부의 불식, 그리고 신사적 지배층의 확산과 더불어 수반된 시티의 상업-금융 자본가들의 영향력 확대 등도 영국 기업의 초국적화를 가로막았다. 둘째, 영국의 정치적 지배구조와 경제구조의 토대는 지속과 변화를 동시에 보여주었다. 1850년 이래 영국 사회구조는 점진적으로 시티의 상업-금융 자본가들의 영향력이 강화되는 구도로 형상화되었다. 그리고 그 결과는 제조업체의 초국적화가 아닌 금융서비스업의 초국적화였다. 셋째, 영국 엘리트 집단들이 주도한 사회연결망의 형상은 단절과 연계로 구분되는 행위자들의 이해관계와 통제력을 통해 구성된다. 서로의 이익이 상호보완적이었던 것과 달리 통제력의 차원에서 초기에는 지주계급과 상업-금융 자본가들의 자발적 동기에 기반 한 의도된 연계가 형성되었으나 결국 통제력의 소유는 산업자본가들을 배제한 채 상업-금융자본가들에게로 이전되어 사회연결망의 재구축이 이루어졌다.

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