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    아미타여래삼존도(내영도 형식) 양식(樣式) 비교연구 : 13세기 중국남송과 19세기 조선후기불화를 중심으로 = A Comparative Stylistic Study of the Amitabha Triad in the 'Welcoming Descent' (Naeyeong-do) Form: Focusing on 13th-Century Southern Song and 19th-Century Late Joseon Buddhist Paintings

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    https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T17540633

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    This study presents a comparative stylistic analysis of the Amitabha Triad in the Naeyeong-do (Welcoming Descent) form, produced during the Southern Song dynasty of China (13th century) and the late Joseon dynasty of Korea (19th century). The objective is to elucidate how Amitabha iconography was accepted and autonomously transformed according to temporal and regional contexts within the East Asian Buddhist painting tradition. This research was prompted by the delicate brushwork and unique iconographic features of the 13th-century Southern Song Amitabha Triad encountered at the 2024 Hoam Museum of Art exhibition, Beautiful as the Lotus Flower, Unstained by the Mud. This work is contrasted with the Amitabha Triad of Pyochungsa Temple in Miryang (1885, by the head monk-painter Gijeon), which the researcher personally investigated in 2020. By positioning these two standing triad-style Naeyeong-do paintings— separated by 600 years—side by side, this study examines the visualization methods of Pure Land Buddhism and the process of subjective transformation.
    The research methodology integrates literature analysis, iconographic comparison, and digital tracing. Specifically, by utilizing Procreate on iPad to trace the brushlines of both works and overlapping the layers, a practical approach was attempted to quantitatively and visually demonstrate stylistic variances, including body proportions, the positioning of facial features, and the angles of the feet. For the theoretical background, the iconographic tradition of the "Sixteen Visualizations" in the Amitayurdhyana Sutra, the development of Amitabha faith and Pure Land thought, and the organizational principles and symbolic systems of the triad were reviewed.
    The comparative analysis revealed distinct disparities in production purpose, function, brushwork, composition, dynamic expression of descent, and spatial management. The 13th-century Southern Song painting was created as a tool for individual practitioners of the Pure Land visualization faith, characterized by the visualization of the "Ten Recitatives of the Buddha’s Name" (Simnyeom-myeongho), a sense of vitality through flexible curves and asymmetrical centers of gravity, and the capture of the dynamic moment of descending to the mundane world by turning the feet sideways. In contrast, the Pyochungsa version from the late Joseon dynasty is a large-scale decorative Buddhist painting created for public worship in a temple hall. It emphasizes the absolute authority of the Buddha through planar linear drawing centered on "iron-wire lines" (Cheolseon-myo), a strict symmetrical composition, and a frontal paja (V-shaped) stance. The majestic visualization of the Pure Land, filling the screen with five-colored auspicious clouds (Chaeun), was objectively confirmed through numerical and geometric data via digital tracing.
    In conclusion, the stylistic disparity between the two works is not a mere technical regression but a result of intentional and active adaptation according to the religious environment and spatial context. While adopting Southern Song iconography, Joseon monk-painters capably responded to the spatial specificities of Korean temple halls and the demands of popular faith, thereby completing a unique Korean aesthetic of majesty. By combining literature, iconography, and digital empirical analysis, this study offers concrete and objective empirical evidence to elucidate the exchange and autonomous transformation of East Asian Buddhist painting styles.

    Keywords: Amitabha Triad, Naeyeong-do (Welcoming Descent), Southern Song Buddhist Painting, Pyochungsa Temple, Head Monk-Painter Gijeon, Digital
    Tracing, Iconography, Autonomous Transformation
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    This study presents a comparative stylistic analysis of the Amitabha Triad in the Naeyeong-do (Welcoming Descent) form, produced during the Southern Song dynasty of China (13th century) and the late Joseon dynasty of Korea (19th century). ...

    This study presents a comparative stylistic analysis of the Amitabha Triad in the Naeyeong-do (Welcoming Descent) form, produced during the Southern Song dynasty of China (13th century) and the late Joseon dynasty of Korea (19th century). The objective is to elucidate how Amitabha iconography was accepted and autonomously transformed according to temporal and regional contexts within the East Asian Buddhist painting tradition. This research was prompted by the delicate brushwork and unique iconographic features of the 13th-century Southern Song Amitabha Triad encountered at the 2024 Hoam Museum of Art exhibition, Beautiful as the Lotus Flower, Unstained by the Mud. This work is contrasted with the Amitabha Triad of Pyochungsa Temple in Miryang (1885, by the head monk-painter Gijeon), which the researcher personally investigated in 2020. By positioning these two standing triad-style Naeyeong-do paintings— separated by 600 years—side by side, this study examines the visualization methods of Pure Land Buddhism and the process of subjective transformation.
    The research methodology integrates literature analysis, iconographic comparison, and digital tracing. Specifically, by utilizing Procreate on iPad to trace the brushlines of both works and overlapping the layers, a practical approach was attempted to quantitatively and visually demonstrate stylistic variances, including body proportions, the positioning of facial features, and the angles of the feet. For the theoretical background, the iconographic tradition of the "Sixteen Visualizations" in the Amitayurdhyana Sutra, the development of Amitabha faith and Pure Land thought, and the organizational principles and symbolic systems of the triad were reviewed.
    The comparative analysis revealed distinct disparities in production purpose, function, brushwork, composition, dynamic expression of descent, and spatial management. The 13th-century Southern Song painting was created as a tool for individual practitioners of the Pure Land visualization faith, characterized by the visualization of the "Ten Recitatives of the Buddha’s Name" (Simnyeom-myeongho), a sense of vitality through flexible curves and asymmetrical centers of gravity, and the capture of the dynamic moment of descending to the mundane world by turning the feet sideways. In contrast, the Pyochungsa version from the late Joseon dynasty is a large-scale decorative Buddhist painting created for public worship in a temple hall. It emphasizes the absolute authority of the Buddha through planar linear drawing centered on "iron-wire lines" (Cheolseon-myo), a strict symmetrical composition, and a frontal paja (V-shaped) stance. The majestic visualization of the Pure Land, filling the screen with five-colored auspicious clouds (Chaeun), was objectively confirmed through numerical and geometric data via digital tracing.
    In conclusion, the stylistic disparity between the two works is not a mere technical regression but a result of intentional and active adaptation according to the religious environment and spatial context. While adopting Southern Song iconography, Joseon monk-painters capably responded to the spatial specificities of Korean temple halls and the demands of popular faith, thereby completing a unique Korean aesthetic of majesty. By combining literature, iconography, and digital empirical analysis, this study offers concrete and objective empirical evidence to elucidate the exchange and autonomous transformation of East Asian Buddhist painting styles.

    Keywords: Amitabha Triad, Naeyeong-do (Welcoming Descent), Southern Song Buddhist Painting, Pyochungsa Temple, Head Monk-Painter Gijeon, Digital
    Tracing, Iconography, Autonomous Transformation

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    목차 (Table of Contents)

    • 제1장 서 론 1
    • 제1절 연구의 목적 및 배경 1
    • 제2절 연구의 범위 및 방법 3
    • 1. 연구 범위 및 분석 대상 선정 근거 3
    • 2. 불화의 본질적 성격과 종교적 관상(觀想) 체계 5
    • 제1장 서 론 1
    • 제1절 연구의 목적 및 배경 1
    • 제2절 연구의 범위 및 방법 3
    • 1. 연구 범위 및 분석 대상 선정 근거 3
    • 2. 불화의 본질적 성격과 종교적 관상(觀想) 체계 5
    • 3. 연구 방법론: 디지털 실증 분석과 문헌 고찰의 병행 5
    • 제2장 연구에 관한 이론적 배경 16
    • 제1절 아미타 신앙과 정토(淨土) 사상의 전개 16
    • 1. '내영(來迎)'의 종교적 의미와 도상적 특징 16
    • 2. 관무량수경(觀無量壽經)의 16관상과 도상화 과정 16
    • 3. 예배와 관상(觀想)의 대상으로서의 역할 변화 17
    • 제2절 아미타삼존의 구성 원리와 상징성 18
    • 1. 아미타삼존의 도상적 유래와 구성 18
    • 2. 삼존의 개별적 상징 체계와 종교적 역할 20
    • 제3장 대상 작품의 개요 및 시대적 배경 22
    • 제1절 13세기 남송 아미타삼존도 분석 22
    • 1. 클리블랜드 미술관 소장본의 특징 22
    • 2. 아미타여래의 도상적 특징과 정토 신앙의 상징성 23
    • 3. 협시보살의 배치와 도상적 구성미 24
    • 제2절 19세기 조선 후기 아미타삼존도 분석 25
    • 1. 밀양 표충사 소장본의 개요 25
    • 2. 주요 구성 요소와 양식적 특징 26
    • 제4장 아미타삼존도의 양식 비교 및 변용의 의의 30
    • 제1절 형식 및 공간 구성의 비교 30
    • 1. 관상의 도구와 예배의 대상으로서의 형식비교 30
    • 2. 배경과 공간의 처리: 금색 원(圓)과 두광(頭光) 32
    • 제2절 재질과 기법의 차이 35
    • 1. 배채(背彩)의 투명성과 진채(眞彩)의 명료성 35
    • 2. 사실적 인체 묘사와 평면적 도상 표현의 대비 37
    • 제3절 존상의 신체 및 법의(法衣) 묘사 41
    • 1. 신체 비례: 세장(細長)한 우아함과 중후한 장엄미 41
    • 2. 화면 구성: 유기적 생동감과 엄격한 좌우 대칭 43
    • 3. 법의의 문양 및 밀도: 사실적 입체감과 도식적 장식성 45
    • 4. 법의의 제식(制式): 착의 형식을 통한 위계의 차별화 47
    • 5. 두발(頭髮) 묘사의 차이: 사실적 묘사와 도식적 결 표현 50
    • 6. 신체 비례와 위계: 감상 시점에 따른 조형적 최적화 53
    • 제4절 장식 및 도상적 변용의 미술사적 의의 56
    • 1. 세부 장식 및 도상적 특징의 정밀 비교 56
    • 2. 존상의 시선 방향과 예배자의 심리적 상호작용 64
    • 3. 동아시아 보편 도상의 수용과 조선식 독자적 미의식의 형성 66
    • 제5장 결 론 68
    • 참 고 문 헌 71
    • ABSTRACT 73
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