Motivation & emotion : evolutionary, physiological, cognitive, and social influences

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = xvii
• 1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY = 1
• Psychology's Past = 2
• Founding of Psychology = 2
• Theoretical Schools of Psychology = 4
• SECTION SUMMARY : PSYCHOLOGY'S PAST = 7
• Ideas in Motivation Theory = 7
• Motivation as Substance = 8
• Motivation as Energy = 9
• Evolutionary Models = 11
• Describing Motivated Behavior = 14
• Awareness of Motivation = 16
• A Motivation Definition = 19
• SECTION SUMMARY : IDEAS IN MOTIVATION THEORY = 20
• Modern Motavation Science = 21
• Cognitive Science = 21
• Motivation Topic Development = 22
• SECTION SUMMARY : MODERN MOTIVATION SCIENCE = 23
• Chapter Conclusions = 24
• Study and Review Questions = 24
• 2. PHYSIOLOGY, RHYTHMS, AND SLEEP = 27
• Nervous System Components = 29
• The Nervous Systems = 29
• Spinal Cord = 30
• Hindbrain = 31
• Midbrain = 32
• Forebrain = 32
• SECTION SUMMARY : NERVOUS SYSTEM COMPONENTS = 34
• Chemical Communications = 34
• Endocrine Functions = 34
• Neurochemistry = 34
• Biological Rhythms = 35
• Natural Rhythms = 36
• Selling Biorhythms = 43
• SECTION SUMMARY : BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS = 44
• Sleep = 45
• Why Sleep? = 45
• Sleep Patterns = 46
• Sleep Length = 50
• REM Sleep = 54
• Dreaming = 54
• SECTION SUMMARY : SLEEP = 57
• Chapter Conclusions = 58
• Study and Review Questions = 59
• 3. EATING = 61
• Nutrition = 62
• Food Materials = 62
• Natural and Modern Diet = 67
• Staring and Stopping Eating = 70
• Long-Term Weight Regulation = 71
• SECTION SUMMARY : NUTRITION = 72
• Appetite = 72
• Physiological Programming = 73
• Personal Experience With Food = 75
• Social Regulation of Eating = 78
• Culture and Eating Habits = 81
• SECTION SUMMARY : APPETITE = 86
• Motivation Foods = 87
• Popular Beliefs About Foods = 87
• Foods and Brain Chemistry = 88
• Aftereffects of Meals = 88
• SECTION SUMMARY : MOTIVATION FOODS = 88
• Overeating and Obesity = 89
• Components of Overeating = 89
• Obesity = 90
• Weight Loss Principles = 91
• Dieting Programs = 93
• SECTION SUMMARY : OVEREATING AND OBESITY = 94
• Chapter Conclusions = 94
• Study and Review Questions = 95
• 4. EMOTION = 97
• Phenomena and Experiences = 98
• Emotion Experience = 98
• Primary Emotions = 102
• SECTION SUMMARY : PHENOMENA AND EXPERIENCES = 103
• Biological Foundations of Emotion = 104
• Inherited Function Theories = 104
• Conditioned Response Theories = 107
• Brain and Nervous System Theories = 108
• SECTION SUMMARY : BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EMOTION = 112
• Developmental Elaboration = 113
• Emotion Identification in Children = 113
• Emotion Functioning in Child Development = 114
• Emotion Expression = 115
• SECTION SUMMARY : DEVELOPMENTAL ELABORATION = 119
• Cultural Order = 119
• Cognitive and Social Theories = 120
• Social Construction = 122
• Gender Expectations = 124
• SECTION SUMMARY : CULTURAL ORDER = 125
• Chapter Conlcusions = 126
• Study and Review Questions = 126
• 5. ANGER AND AGGRESSION = 129
• Aggression Ideas = 130
• Defining Aggression = 130
• Forms of Aggressive Acts = 132
• SECTION SUMMERAY : AGGRESSION IDEAS = 133
• Physical Foundations for Aggression = 133
• Biological Structures = 133
• Genetic Animal Nature = 136
• Genetic Human Nature = 139
• SECTION SUMMARY : PHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR AGGRESSION = 141
• Emotional Aggressive Acts = 142
• Drive Sources of Aggression = 142
• Impulsive Aggression and Feeling Bad = 143
• SECTION SUMMARY : EMOTIONAL AGGRESSIVE ACTS = 145
• Anger = 145
• Brain Activity of Anger and Aggression = 145
• Social Rules of Anger = 146
• SECTION SUMMARY : ANGER = 148
• Instrumental Aggressive Acts = 148
• Defending One's Self = 148
• Social Sources of Aggression = 149
• Aggression as a Stable Trait = 151
• Men's and Women's Aggression = 151
• SECTION SUMMARY : INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSIVE ACTS = 153
• Learning Anger and Aggression = 153
• Modeling and Imitation = 153
• Rewards and Punishments = 154
• Acuiring Social Rules = 154
• Historical Emotionology of Anger = 155
• SECTION SUMMARY : LEARNING ANGER AND AGGRESSION = 156
• Chapter Conclusions = 157
• Study and Review Questions = 157
• 6. PAIN, FEAR, AND STRESS = 159
• Experiencing Pain = 160
• Describing Pain = 161
• Interpreting Pain = 162
• SECTION SUMMARY : EXPERIENCING PAIN = 165
• Pain Physiology = 165
• Nocieception = 165
• Neural Complexities = 166
• Spinal Cord Pain Gating = 167
• Brain Dimensions of Pain = 168
• Mechanisms of Chronic Pain = 169
• SECTION SUMMARY : PAIN PHYSIOLOGY = 170
• Managing Pain = 170
• Medical Treatment = 170
• Psychological Control = 173
• Pain Clinics = 174
• SECTION SUMMARY : MANAGING PAIN = 175
• Fear = 175
• Fear Phenomena = 175
• Elicitors of Fear = 176
• Response to Fear = 177
• SECTION SUMMARY : FEAR = 178
• Anxiety = 178
• Anxiety Phenomena = 178
• Anxiety Theories = 178
• SECTION SUMMARY : ANXIETY = 180
• Stress = 181
• Stress Concept Origins = 181
• Outlines of Stress = 182
• Factors of Stress = 182
• SECTION SUMMARY : STRESS = 183
• Physical Bases of Stress = 183
• Emergency Physiology = 184
• Stress Physiology = 185
• SECTION SUMMARY : PHYSICAL BASES OF STRESS = 187
• Life Applications of Stress = 187
• Life Change Stress = 187
• Crowding = 188
• Coronary-Prone Acts = 188
• Clinical Anxiety Disorders = 189
• Depression = 191
• SECTION SUMMARY : LIFE APPLICATIONS OF STRESS = 192
• Control and Coping With Stress = 193
• Coping Resources = 194
• Coping Acts = 194
• Symptom Therapies = 195
• SECTION SUMMARY : CONTROL AND COPING WITH STRESS = 196
• Chapter Conclusions = 197
• Study and Review Questions = 197
• 7. SEXUAL MOTIVATION : POLITICS AND BIOLOGY = 201
• Western Social History of Sex and Love = 202
• Greek, Roman, and Christian Ideals = 202
• Sexuality and Feelings = 203
• Gendering Love = 204
• Individualism and Romanticism = 205
• SECTION SUMMARY : WESTERN SOCIAL HISTORY OF SEX AND LOVE = 206
• Scientific Studies of Love and Sex = 207
• Affirming Social Beliefs = 207
• Sexuality and Gender Differences = 208
• SECTION SUMMARY : SCIENTIFIC STUDIES OF LOVE AND SEX = 210
• Politics of Sex = 211
• Sexology Studies = 211
• Ideology of Sex = 213
• Modern Western Sexual Culture = 214
• SECTION SUMMARY : POLITICS OF SEX = 216
• Dissecting the Sexual Acts = 217
• Stages of Sexual Acts = 217
• Neural Mechanisms = 218
• Hormone Foundations = 219
• SECTION SUMMARY : DISSECTING THE SEXUAL ACTS = 223
• Sensual Arousal = 224
• Libido = 224
• Sexual Stimulation = 224
• SECTION SUMMARY : DISSECTING THE SEXUAL ACTS = 223
• Gender Differences = 226
• Evolution Theories of Sexuality = 226
• Sexual Attraction = 227
• Sexual Interest and Orgasm = 230
• SECTION SUMMARY : GENDER DIFFERENCES = 233
• Chapter Conclusions = 233
• Study and Review Questions = 234
• 8. EORS, LOVE AND COMMITMENT = 237
• Erotic Sexual Arousal = 237
• Ultimate Arousal Origins = 237
• Scripts of Love and Sex = 238
• Modes of Erotic Arousal = 240
• Personal Seual Motivation = 244
• Social Roles of Love and Sex = 245
• SECTION SUMMARY : EROTIC SEXUAL AROUSAL = 246
• Images of Love = 247
• Romantic and Pragmatic Love = 247
• Romantic Passion's Role = 248
• John Lee's Styles of Love = 250
• Robert Sternberg's Three-Component Love = 251
• SECTION SUMMARY : IMAGES OF LOVE = 252
• Attraction to Others = 253
• Familiarity = 253
• Physical Features = 253
• Positive Regard = 254
• SECTION SUMMARY : ATTRACTION TO OTHERS = 255
• Relationship Development = 255
• Personality Patterns = 255
• Froming the Relationship = 256
• SECTION SUMMARY : RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT = 260
• Functioning of Love Relationships = 260
• Experiences in Love Relationships = 260
• Patterns of Intimacy = 261
• Challenges to Love Relationships = 263
• SECTION SUMMARY : FUNCTIONING OF LOVE RELATIONSHIPS = 265
• Chapter Conclusions = 266
• Study and Review Questions = 266
• 9. SOCIAL INTERACTIONS = 269
• Social Order = 270
• Manners and Propriety = 270
• Fads and Fashions = 272
• SECTION SUMMARY : SOCIAL ORDER = 274
• Accounts of Conduct = 274
• Facework = 275
• Motive Talk = 276
• Attributions of Responsibility = 278
• SECTION SUMMARY : ACCOUNTS OF CONDUCT = 279
• Social Order Disruption = 280
• Altruism and Helping = 280
• Crowd Acts and Mobs = 282
• SECTION SUMMARY : SOCIAL ORDER DISRUPTION = 283
• Bound to the Majority = 284
• Influence Experiments and Analyses = 284
• Mechanisms of Influence = 285
• Seductions of Dissent = 286
• SECTION SUMMARY : BOUND TO THE MAJORITY = 287
• Practical Social Influences = 288
• Authority = 288
• Attraction = 289
• Conformity = 290
• Commitment = 291
• Reciprocation = 291
• SECTION SUMMARY : PRACTICAL SOCIAL INFLUENCES = 292
• Chapter Conclusions = 292
• Study and Review Questions = 292
• 10. MOTIVATED COGNITION = 295
• Experiencing Consciousness = 296
• Stream of Consciousness = 296
• Agency = 299
• SECTION SUMMARY : EXPERIENCING CONSCIOUSNESS = 301
• Theorizing Mind = 302
• Consciousness : A Persistent Problem = 302
• Eliminative Materialism = 303
• Cognitive Closure = 304
• Representing Reality = 305
• Dennett's Parallel Brain Machine = 306
• SECTION SUMMARY : THEORIZING MIND = 309
• Controlling Awareness = 310
• Meditating = 310
• Experiencing Hypnosis = 311
• SECTION SUMMARY : CONTROLLING AWARENESS = 313
• Thinking = 314
• Resoning = 315
• Deciding = 316
• Producing Consistent Thought = 321
• Staying Happy = 325
• SECTION SUMMARY : THINKING = 326
• Chapter Conclusions = 326
• Study and Review Questions = 327
• 11. ADDICTION = 329
• Components of Addictive Acts = 330
• Physiological Effect = 330
• Psychological Dependence = 331
• Habitual Action = 332
• Cultural Origins = 333
• Social Response = 334
• Economical Affect Maintenance = 334
• Self-Representation = 335
• SECTION SUMMARY : COMPONENTS OF ADDICTIVE ACTS = 335
• Addiction Theory and Change = 336
• Models of Addiction = 336
• Abstinence Versus Moderation = 337
• SECTION SUMMARY : ADDICTION THEORY AND CHANGE = 339
• Taking Drugs = 339
• Narcotic Drugs = 340
• Social History of Drug Use = 341
• Politics of Illegality = 344
• SECTION SUMMARY : TAKING DRUGS = 347
• Drinking = 348
• Early American Alcohol Drinking = 348
• Politics and Consumerism = 349
• SECTION SUMMARY : DRINKING = 353
• Smoking = 354
• Social History of Smoking = 354
• Health and Politics = 355
• SECTION SUMMARY : SMOKING = 356
• Dieting = 356
• SECTION SUMMARY : DIETING = 357
• Chapter Conclusions = 357
• Study and Review Questions = 358
• 12. WORK = 361
• Images of Work = 362
• Reluctant Producing = 362
• Work Motivation Theory = 363
• SECTION SUMMARY : IMAGES OF WORK = 364
• Worker Character = 364
• Fulfilling Needs = 364
• Personality Styles = 366
• SECTION SUMMARY : WORKER CHARACTER = 368
• Conditions of Work = 368
• Hygiene and Motivator Factors = 368
• Job Enhancement = 370
• Intrinsic Motivation and Rewards = 372
• Equity Theory = 374
• Fatigue = 375
• SECTION SUMMARY : CONDITIONS OF WORK = 382
• Work Organization Systems = 383
• Management Participation = 383
• Outcome Expectancies = 385
• Accepting Goals = 386
• Motivation-Performance-Satisfaction Cycle = 387
• Reward Systems = 388
• SECTION SUMMARY : WORK ORGANIZATION SYSTEMS = 390
• Chapter Conclusions = 391
• Study and Review Questions = 391
• 13. PLAY AND LEISURE = 395
• Foundations of Play = 396
• Natural Bases = 396
• Social and Cognitive Concepts = 397
• SECTION SUMMARY : FOUNDATIONS OF PLAY = 398
• Looking for Experience = 399
• Curiosity = 399
• Boredom, Optimum, and Overload = 401
• Absorption = 404
• Consequences = 406
• SECTION SUMMARY : LOOKING FOR EXPERIENCE = 406
• Theories of Ritual, Play, And Leisure = 407
• Ideas of Ritual = 407
• Views of Playing = 408
• Conceptions of Leisure = 411
• SECTION SUMMARY : THEORIES OF RITUAL, PLAY, AND LEISURE = 413
• Forms of Playing = 413
• Social Interactions = 414
• Play in Language = 414
• Games = 415
• Sport = 416
• SECTION SUMMARY : FORMS OF PLAYING = 417
• Forms of Leisure = 418
• Time in Leisure = 418
• Leisure Variety = 420
• Touring = 420
• SECTION SUMMARY : FORMS OF LEISURE = 423
• Chapter Conclusions = 423
• Study and Review Questions = 424
• EPILOGUE : MOTIVATION IDEALS = 427
• REFERENCES = 433
• INDEX = 461
• ABOUT THE AUTHOR = 467