A handbook of cognitive psychology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• 1. Introduction = 1
• What is cognitive psychology? = 1
• Task analysis = 6
• Introduction = 6
• The additive-factor method = 7
• The subtraction method = 9
• Componential analysis = 11
• The "open window" approach = 14
• Introspection = 15
• Computer simulation = 19
• Conclusions = 20
• 2. Aspects of perception = 23
• Subliminal perception = 24
• Introduction = 24
• Perceptual defence = 25
• Perception : Direct or indirect? = 26
• Introduction = 26
• Theoretical controversies = 27
• Organisation in visual perception = 33
• Pattern recognition = 38
• Introduction = 38
• Template theories = 38
• Prototype theories = 39
• Feature theories = 40
• Computational theory = 45
• 3. Attention and performance limitations = 49
• Focused attention = 50
• The shadowing technique = 50
• Conscious attention and automatic activation = 56
• Divided attention = 59
• Dual-task performance = 60
• Central capacity versus multiple resources = 64
• Automatic processing = 68
• Practical applications : Action slips and absentmindedness = 74
• 4. The structure of the memory system = 79
• The spatial metaphor = 79
• Memory stores = 82
• Introduction = 82
• Sensory stores = 83
• Short-term and long-term stores = 86
• Theoretical models = 90
• The multi-store approach = 90
• Working memory = 93
• Practical applications : Reading = 98
• 5. Information processing and storage = 103
• Memory for unattended events = 104
• Rehearsal : Maintenance and elaborative = 106
• Levels of processing = 108
• Introduction = 108
• Levels-of-processing theory = 110
• The critics have a field-day = 111
• Theoretical modifications = 114
• Imagery = 118
• Beyond the information given = 123
• Introduction = 123
• External context = 124
• Internal context = 125
• Prior knowledge = 125
• Practical applications : Efficient learning techniques = 130
• Introduction = 130
• Mnemonic techniques = 132
• 6. Remembering and forgetting = 137
• Permanent memory = 138
• Theoretical background = 138
• The evidence = 139
• Retrieval from short-term memory = 141
• Recall and recognition = 145
• Introduction = 145
• Two-process theory = 145
• Encoding specificity = 148
• Recent views on recognition = 154
• Recent views on recall = 157
• Recognition and recall compared = 159
• Interference theory = 161
• Introduction = 161
• Data and theory = 161
• Metamemory = 167
• Practical applications : Amnesia = 168
• 7. Imagery and visual memory = 173
• Is "imagery" a viable construct? = 174
• Imagery and perception = 177
• Introduction = 177
• Equivalence = 178
• Selective interference = 180
• Selective facilitation = 183
• Kosslyn's computational theory = 184
• Conclusions = 187
• Problem solving = 187
• Introduction = 187
• Syllogistic reasoning = 188
• Sentence-picture verification task = 190
• Memory = 192
• Eidetic imagery = 192
• Visual memory = 193
• 8. Language = 197
• Is language unique to man? = 201
• Language and thought = 207
• Comprehension = 211
• Introduction = 211
• Context effects = 215
• Inferences = 217
• Evaluation of contextualism = 220
• Language production = 221
• Practical applications = 227
• 9. Cognitive development = 231
• Piagetian theory = 231
• Introduction = 231
• The stages of cognitive development = 233
• An evaluation = 245
• Perceptual development = 247
• Memory = 251
• Language acquisition = 256
• Introduction = 256
• Cognitive prerequisites for language = 257
• The linguistic environment = 259
• Conclusions = 262
• Practical applications : Reading retardation = 263
• Introduction = 263
• The involvement of working memory = 264
• 10. Problem solving and reasoning = 269
• Problem solving = 270
• Early research = 270
• Effects of past experience = 272
• Computer theories : General Problem Solver = 276
• Deductive reasoning = 280
• Introduction = 280
• Syllogistic reasoning = 282
• Wason selection task = 284
• Mental models = 287
• Inductive reasoning = 289
• Introduction = 289
• Concept learning = 290
• Intuitive strategies of inference = 294
• Analogical reasoning = 298
• Practical applications = 300
• 11. The nature and structure of knowledge = 305
• Organisation of semantic memory = 307
• The network theory of Collins and Quillian = 307
• Spreading activation theory = 309
• Feature theory = 311
• General evaluation = 313
• Categorisation = 314
• The nature of categories = 314
• Basic level categories = 317
• Prototypes = 318
• Concepts, categories and semantic memory = 320
• Scripts, frames, and schemata = 321
• Basic notions = 321
• Empirical evidence = 324
• 12. Stress, arousal and cognition = 327
• Arousal theory = 328
• Basic assumptions and predictions = 328
• The Yerkes-Dodson Law = 331
• Easterbrook's hypothesis = 333
• Developments in arousal theory = 336
• The 'arousal' syndrome = 339
• Motivation and emotion = 342
• Motivation and incentive = 342
• Anxiety = 350
• Conclusions = 357
• 13. Cognitive psychology : Present and future = 359
• Is cognitive psychology in trouble? = 359
• General criticisms = 359
• Reductionism = 362
• Ecological validity = 363
• The way ahead = 365
• Neuropsychology = 365
• Artificial intelligence and computation = 369
• Applied cognitive psychology = 373
• Conclusions = 375
• References = 377
• Subject Index = 405
• Author Index = 409