This study aimed to analyze the fire occurrence characteristics of Lithium-ion Battery-based Energy Storage Systems by classifying them into stationary and mobile ESS, and to interpret the electrical fire risk pathways according to their operating typ...
This study aimed to analyze the fire occurrence characteristics of Lithium-ion Battery-based Energy Storage Systems by classifying them into stationary and mobile ESS, and to interpret the electrical fire risk pathways according to their operating types. To this end, ESS fire cases were classified based on fire causes and seasonal occurrence characteristics, and the major risk conditions observed in each operating type were examined from an electrical perspective.
The analysis results showed that, among 58 fire cases involving stationary ESS, thermal factors accounted for the highest proportion, with 29 cases. Seasonally, fires tended to be relatively concentrated in autumn and winter. This tendency was related to the long-term operation of stationary ESS in container-type structures where battery Cells, Modules, Racks, and high-voltage components are densely arranged. In addition, condensation, insulation resistance degradation, low-temperature charging, High State of Charge, and High-Voltage operating conditions were found to potentially lead to electrical and electrochemical abnormalities.
In contrast, among a total of 234 mobile ESS fire cases, electrical factors accounted for 56 cases when other or unknown factors were excluded, representing the next highest category. The number of fires in spring, summer, and autumn was similar, while winter showed a slightly lower number of fire incidents than the other seasons. Therefore, it is difficult to conclude that mobile ESS fires are concentrated in a specific season. This is because fires in mobile ESS are influenced more significantly by operating factors, such as repetitive vibration and shock, dynamic current fluctuations, and high-voltage conditions, than by seasonal factors. Specifically, vibration and shock were identified as key contributors to an increased risk of fire because they can cause increased contact resistance, insulation damage, Ground Faults, Short Circuits, heat generation or damage at contact points, which may lead to electrical arcs, and internal micro-short circuits within Cells. These conditions were identified as major factors that may increase the fire risk of mobile ESS.
Through this study, it was found that although stationary and mobile ESS are based on the same LIB technology, their fire risk conditions are formed differently depending on their installation structures and operating environments. Therefore, for ESS fire prevention, it is necessary to establish a prevention-oriented safety management system that reflects the risk characteristics of each operating type, rather than managing stationary and mobile ESS under the same criteria.